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1 1 Cf. Michael Tooley, “Abortion and Infanticide,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 2, No. 1 (Fall 1972) [see chapter 1 in this Anthology].

2 2 Quoted in G. Tedeschi, “On Tort Liability for ‘Wrongful Life,’ ” Israel Law Review, October 1966, p. 514, footnote 3.

3 3 The logic he describes in his books, The Language of Morals, OUP, 1952, and Freedom and Reason, OUP, 1963.

4 4 For a legal discussion of related issues, see “A Cause of Action for ‘Wrongful Life,’ ” Minnesota Law Review, 55, No. 1 (November 1970).

5 5 This asymmetry is discussed in Jan Narveson’s two articles: “Utilitarianism and New Generations,” Mind, January 1967, and “Moral Problems of Population,” The Monist, January 1973. I have learned much from both of these.

6 6 For a different view, take a remark in Gwen Raverat’s Period Piece, Faber and Faber, 1952, “It is always a fascinating problem to consider who we would have been if our mother (or our father) had married another person.”

7 7 “Making babies – the new biology and the ‘old’ morality,” Leon Kass, The Public Interest, Winter, 1972.