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The quantity of carbon stored in wetlands fluctuates over millennia due to climate, glacial retreat, and, more recently, from human activities that include peat extraction or drainage. Simulations of wetland extent at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) show wetlands were more expansive than at present, but these areal estimates remain uncertain (Kaplan, 2002; Kaplan et al., 2006). For example, larger areas of Amazonian wetlands during the mid‐Holocene have been invoked as drivers of CH₄ flux to explain atmospheric CH₄ over this period (Singarayer et al., 2011). The fate of carbon in coastal wetlands submerged by the simultaneous sea level rise is less understood.

Subsequently, Holocene expansion of boreal peatlands in previously glaciated areas has sequestered significant amounts of carbon. Currently, it is thought that the catotelm in the peatlands north of 40°N alone could have accumulated 330 PgC (240–490 PgC) over the past the past 8000 years (Kleinen et al., 2012). Globally, carbon stocks in peatlands estimated from peat cores is 103 ±9 PgC and 145 ±13 PgC for the periods 11–9 kyBP and 9–7 kyBP, respectively, while earth system models estimated stocks of 54 PgC and 76 PgC for these two time periods (Stocker et al., 2014).