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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Global maximum extent of vegetated wetland area using the Wetland...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Distribution of percent organic carbon by weight (a) and soil org...Figure 2.2 Area burned separated by wetland regions in the years studied. We...Figure 2.3 Inland wetland area burned by year and vegetation type, showing t...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Wetland carbon inflows, outflows, and preservation. Only a small ...Figure 3.2 Subsidence due to peatland drainage in California, Florida, Malay...Figure 3.3 Effects of O₂ availability on enzyme activity and organic matter ...Figure 3.4 CO₂ production from peat as a function of the concentration of O‐...Figure 3.5 Contributions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O to radiative forcing due to la...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Influence that (a) less frequent but greater disturbance and (b) ...Figure 4.2 An example of a floodplain wetland that depends upon people. This...Figure 4.3 A ditched coastal marsh. Barn Island Wildlife Management Area, St...Figure 4.4 Top and side views of a fixed‐crest weir. Increasingly, stop logs...Figure 4.5 Example of technology used to drain wetlands for agriculture by e...Figure 4.6 Top and side views of a culvert/gate/pipe passing through a levee...Figure 4.7 A coastal wetland after channelization for navigation isolated th...Figure 4.8 Outfall of siphon crossing an artificial levee on an artificial c...Figure 4.9 Siphon (lower, center left) crossing the artificial levee of the ...Figure 4.10 Tidal channel adjacent to where a dike was removed, and a connec...Figure 4.11 A few from outside a managed wetland of two “self‐regulating” ti...Figure 4.12 Diagram of a “self‐regulating” tide gate from the outside of a m...Figure 4.13 This graph shows how elevation of different features change over...Figure 4.14 Predicted and observed surface elevation of a 372‐ha wetland cre...Figure 4.15 Recent and projected global human population.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Conceptual diagram illustrating the functions of a tidal marsh in...Figure 5.2 Map of the Nisqually River Delta in Puget Sound, Washington, USA....Figure 5.3 Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in the Red Salmon Reference marsh an...Figure 5.4 Relative percent contribution of a) invertebrate prey in juvenile Chi...Figure 5.5 Modeled habitat distributions for the Delta for (a) present day a...Figure 5.6 Map of the Billy Frank Junior Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Study sites located at Pearl Bay of Fangchenggang City in Guangxi...Figure 6.2 The design and development of mangrove eco‐farm systemThis sy...Figure 6.3 The restored mangroves in the underground aquaculture system in S...Figure 6.4 The profile of soil total nitrogen, total carbon, and C/N ratios ...Figure 6.5 Biomass carbon storage (a) and soil carbon storage (b) of restore...Figure 6.6 The mangrove forests and the aquaculture ponds along Pearl Bay of...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Location of mangrove forests undergoing persistent stress from ti...Figure 7.2 Surface elevation change and vertical accretion based on rod surf...Figure 7.3 Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration of surface soils using ...Figure 7.4 Theoretical framework for the restoration of ecosystem processes ...Figure 7.5 Theoretical framework for the restoration of soil carbon sequestr...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Mangrove distribution across Indonesia (Giri et al., 2011) with s...Figure 8.2 Summary of compiled carbon stocks dataset across four different m...Figure 8.3 Total biomass (tree + root) carbon stocks over time after selecti...Figure 8.4 Total belowground soil carbon stocks across different year after ...Figure 8.5 Mean TECS in mangroves and abandoned shrimp ponds in the Mahakam ...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Study sites in the northwest and the southeast of the Gulf of...Figure 9.2 Preserved, transitional, and impaired mangroves in the Tampamacho...Figure 9.3 Hydrological restoration in the impaired mangroves of Tampamachoc...Figure 9.4 Mean flood level (a, d), flood duration (b, e), and frequency (c,...Figure 9.5 Porewater biogeochemical characteristics in preserved, transition...Figure 9.6 Aboveground, root and soil organic carbon stocks at 30 cm depth i...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Location of the modern Yellow River Delta and boreholes in this ...Figure 10.2 Comprehensive geological columns of cores ZK1–ZK5.Figure 10.3 Variations of the parameters that characterize sediment carbon s...Figure 10.4 Accumulation rates of IC (ICAR) and OC (OCAR) in each sedimentar...Figure 10.5 Relationships between annual flux of sediment discharge and orga...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Location of the study area and sampled shrimp ponds in the Min R...Figure 11.2 Monthly mean (a) temperature, (b) pH, (c) conductivity, and pore...Figure 11.3 Monthly mean fluxes of (a) CH₄ and (b) N₂O in the natural bracki...Figure 11.4 Variations in mean (a) temperature, (b) pH, (c) dissolved oxygen...Figure 11.5 Mean fluxes of (a) CO₂ and (b) CH₄ from the shrimp ponds at Min ...Figure 11.6 Mean fluxes of (a) CH₄ and (b) N₂O in the nearshore, feeding, an...Figure 11.7 Mean (a) temperature, (b) conductivity, (c) pH, and (d) redox po...Figure 11.8 Mean CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O fluxes from the undrained and drained pon...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Location and pictures of the study sites: (a) map of Vietnam; (b...Figure 12.2 Mangrove distribution along the transects in Can Gio mangrove (a...Figure 12.3 Depth distribution of pore‐water salinity, Eh and pH values in t...Figure 12.4 Depth distribution of TOC (a), C/N ratios (b), δ¹³C values (c), ...Figure 12.5 Ecosystem C stocks in the different zones along the elevation gr...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Map of the measurement tower locations (red dots) and wetland ar...Figure 13.2 Daily (a) ecosystem respiration (ER), (b) gross primary producti...Figure 13.3 Time series of cumulative monthly net ecosystem exchange (NEE) s...Figure 13.4 Time series of cumulative monthly methane (CH₄) fluxes separated...Figure 13.5 Projected cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets (CO₂‐e*) over ...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Factors and controls that influence net organic carbon sequestra...Figure 14.2 (a) Study area with site locations; (b) scatter plot of average ...Figure 14.3 Average (least square means ± pooled standard error) a) soil org...Figure 14.4 Average (least square means ± pooled standard error) a) soil org...Figure 14.5 Modeled relations between organic carbon (OC) and restoration ag...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 (a) Ebro River basin located in Iberian Peninsula; (b) Site loca...Figure 15.2 Mean C accumulation rates (g C/m²/yr) as a function of hydrologi...Figure 15.3 CH₄ emission rates over the growing (June to September) and fall...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Study site locations within the Water Conservation Areas (WCAs) ...Figure 16.2 Depth profiles of mean (± SE) inorganic content, gravimetric wat...Figure 16.3 Depth profiles of mean (± SE) inorganic content, gravimetric wat...Figure 16.4 Critical ignition heat load (H’_ign) for surface 1 cm soil layer ...Figure 16.5 Cumulative C loss to combustion of vegetation and soil stocks (m...

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Map of Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta showing land surface below s...Figure 17.2 Daily mean water table depths (meters) at both the flooded and n...Figure 17.3 Net ecosystem exchange (upper panel) and soil temperature (lower...Figure 17.4 Daily mean CH₄ flux (upper panel) and soil temperature (lower pa...Figure 17.5 Mean daily CO₂ and CO₂‐equivalent CH₄ fluxes (upper panel) compa...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 (a) Map of Australia, including study locations reported in this...Figure 18.2 Typical position of Casuarina glauca Coastal Swamp Oak Forest (b...Figure 18.3 Relationship between organic matter concentration (% OM from LOI...Figure 18.4 Summary of mean (± 1SD) live aboveground biomass and belowground...Figure 18.5 Belowground C_org density profiles along the Leschenault Inlet in...

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Rod surface elevation table (RSET) installation in peat swamp fo...Figure 19.2 Total respiration across five selected peatland landscapes in Su...Figure 19.3 Fluctuations of groundwater level (GWL) at 5 m and 105 m towards...Figure 19.4 Characteristics of GWL of degraded peatland (orange, left) and r...Figure 19.5 Peatland management involving water and fire management that ens...

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Location of the study area; including eddy‐covariance stations a...Figure 20.2 Panoramic photos of the (a) Pine Upland, (b) Cypress Swamp, and ...Figure 20.3 Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and water height above and below so...Figure 20.4 Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and water distance above and below ...Figure 20.5 Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and water distance above and below ...Figure 20.6 Picture at the Pine Upland flux station after the Hansen Fire. T...Figure 20.7 Methane emission and water distance above and below soil surface...Figure 20.8 Picture of periphyton covering sawgrass at the Dwarf Cypress sit...Figure 20.9 Soil accumulation at the Dwarf Cypress station, Net Ecosystem Ca...Figure 20.10 Soil accumulation at the Cypress Swamp station, Net Ecosystem C...

21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 The Great Dismal Swamp Study Site Note. Includes the management ...Figure 21.2 Water‐table depth during the 2015 growing season (April, May, an...Figure 21.3 Water‐table level during the growing season (April, May, and Jun...Figure 21.4 100‐year simulations showing annual emissions by hydrologic scen...

22 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Map of North American wetlandsFigure 24.2 Terrestrial wetland carbon pool and CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes in North ...Figure 24.3 Total carbon budget of North American coastal waters including +...Figure 24.4 Total carbon budget of the terrestrial to aquatic continuum in N...

23 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Wetland types and primary management concerns represented in thi...