Читать книгу Bone and Soft Tissue Augmentation in Implantology - Группа авторов - Страница 28

1. Aghvami M, Brunski JB, Serdar Tulu U, Chen CH, Helms JA. A thermal and biological analysis of bone drilling. J Biomech Eng 2018:140: 1010101–010108. doi: 10.1115/1.4040312.

2. Albee FH. The various uses of the bone graft. Proc R Soc Med 1930;23:855–860.

3. Albrektsson T, Johansson C. Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration. Eur Spine J 2001; 10(suppl 2):S96–S101.

4. Alzahrani MM, Rauch F, Hamdy RC. Does sclerostin depletion stimulate fracture healing in a mouse model? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2016;474:1294–1302.

5. Araújo MG, Lindhe J. Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:212–218.

6. Baht GS, Silkstone D, Nadesan P, Whetstone H, Alman BA. Activation of hedgehog signaling during fracture repair enhances osteoblastic-dependent matrix formation. J Orthop Res 2014;32:581–586.

7. Baron R, Kneissel M. WNT signaling in bone homeostasis and disease: from human mutations to treatments. Nat Med 2013;19:179–192.

8. Bentz H, Nathan RM, Rosen DM, et al. Purification and characterization of a unique osteoinductive factor from bovine bone. J Biol Chem 1989;264:20805–20810.

9. Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Lang NP, Lindhe J. De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;14:251–262.

10. Bonewald LF. The amazing osteocyte. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:229–238.

11. Botticelli D, Berglundh T, Buser D, Lindhe J. The jumping distance revisited: an experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;14:35–42.

12. Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 2003;423:337–342.

13. Boynton E, Aubin J, Gross A, Hozumi N, Sandhu J. Human osteoblasts survive and deposit new bone when human bone is implanted in SCID mouse. Bone 1996;18:321–326.

14. Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin – deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 1998;12:1260–1268.

15. Buenzli PR, Sims NA. Quantifying the osteocyte network in the human skeleton. Bone 2015;75:144–150.

16. Buser D, Hoffmann B, Bernard JP, Lussi A, Mettler D, Schenk RK. Evaluation of filling materials in membrane-protected bone defects. A comparative histomorphometric study in the mandible of miniature pigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 1998;9:137–150.

17. Cabahug-Zuckerman P, Frikha-Benayed D, Majeska RJ, et al. Osteocyte apoptosis caused by hindlimb unloading is required to trigger osteocyte RANKL production and subsequent resorption of cortical and trabecular bone in mice femurs. J Bone Miner Res 2016;31:1356–1365.

18. Cappariello A, Maurizi A, Veeriah V, Teti A. The great beauty of the osteoclast. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014;558:70–78.

19. Cha JY, Pereira MD, Smith AA, et al. Multiscale analyses of the bone–implant interface. J Dent Res 2015;94: 482–490.

20. Chacon GE, Bower DL, Larsen PE, McGlumphy EA, Beck FM. Heat production by 3 implant drill systems after repeated drilling and sterilization. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:265–269.

21. Chai Y, Maxson RE Jr. Recent advances in craniofacial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2006;235:2353–2375.

22. Chambers TJ. The cellular basis of bone resorption. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1980;151:283–293.

23. Chambers TJ. The regulation of osteoclastic development and function. Ciba Found Symp 1988;136:92–107.

24. Chan JK, Glass GE, Ersek A, et al. Low-dose TNF augments fracture healing in normal and osteoporotic bone by up-regulating the innate immune response. EMBO Mol Med 2015;7:547–561.

25. Chang MK, Raggatt LJ, Alexander KA, et al. Osteal tissue macrophages are intercalated throughout human and mouse bone lining tissues and regulate osteoblast function in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 2008;181: 1232–1244.

26. Chappuis V, Engel O, Reyes M, Shahim K, Nolte LP, Buser D. Ridge alterations post-extraction in the esthetic zone: a 3D analysis with CBCT. J Dent Res 2013;92: 195S–201S.

27. Charles JF, Aliprantis AO. Osteoclasts: more than ‘bone eaters’. Trends Mol Med 2014;20:449–459.

28. Chen CH, Coyac BR, Arioka M, et al. A novel osteotomy preparation technique to preserve implant site viability and enhance osteogenesis. J Clin Med 2019;8:170.

29. Chen CH, Pei X, Tulu US, et al. A comparative assessment of implant site viability in humans and rats. J Dent Res 2018;97:451–459.

30. Claes L, Recknagel S, Ignatius A. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012;8:133–143.

31. Cosso MG, de Brito RB Jr, Piattelli A, Shibli JA, Zenóbio EG. Volumetric dimensional changes of autogenous bone and the mixture of hydroxyapatite and autogenous bone graft in humans maxillary sinus augmentation. A multislice tomographic study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014;25:1251–1256.

32. Crane JL, Cao X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and TGF-beta signaling in bone remodeling. J Clin Invest 2014;124:466–472.

33. Dallas SL, Prideaux M, Bonewald LF. The osteocyte: an endocrine cell ... and more. Endocr Rev 2013;34: 658–690.

34. Davies JE. Understanding peri-implant endosseous healing. J Dent Educ 2003;67:932–949.

35. Delaisse JM. The reversal phase of the bone-remodeling cycle: cellular prerequisites for coupling resorption and formation. Bonekey Rep 2014;3:561.

36. Di Matteo B, Tarabella V, Filardo G, Tomba P, Vigano A, Marcacci M. An orthopaedic conquest: the first inter-human tissue transplantation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014;22:2585–2590.

37. Dolan EB, Tallon D, Cheung WY, Schaffler MB, Kennedy OD, McNamara LM. Thermally induced osteocyte damage initiates pro-osteoclastogenic gene expression in vivo. J R Soc Interface 2016;13:20160337.

38. Dougall WC, Glaccum M, Charrier K, et al. RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev 1999;13:2412–2424.

39. Du Y, Zhou W, Pan Y, Tang Y, Wan L, Jiang H. Block iliac bone grafting enhances osseous healing of alveolar reconstruction in older cleft patients: a radiological and histological evaluation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018;23:e216–e224.

40. Ducy P, Schinke T, Karsenty G. The osteoblast: a sophisticated fibroblast under central surveillance. Science 2000;289:1501–1504.

41. Duchamp de Lageneste O, Julien A, Abou-Khalil R, et al. Periosteum contains skeletal stem cells with high bone regenerative potential controlled by Periostin. Nat Commun 2018;9:773.

42. Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. Fracture healing: mechanisms and interventions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015;11:45–54.

43. Frosch L, Mukaddam K, Filippi A, Zitzmann NU, Kuhl S. Comparison of heat generation between guided and conventional implant surgery for single and sequential drilling protocols – an in vitro study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2019;30:121–130.

44. Frost HM. Bone’s mechanostat: a 2003 update. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003;275:1081–1101.

45. Fujiwara Y, Piemontese M, Liu Y, Thostenson JD, Xiong J, O’Brien CA. RANKL (Receptor Activator of NFkappaB Ligand) produced by osteocytes is required for the Increase in B cells and bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency in mice. J Biol Chem 2016;291:24838–24850.

46. Fukui N, Zhu Y, Maloney WJ, Clohisy J, Sandell LJ. Stimulation of BMP-2 expression by pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-alpha in normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85-A(suppl 3): 59–66.

47. Gerressen M, Riediger D, Hilgers RD, Holzle F, Noroozi N, Ghassemi A. The volume behavior of autogenous iliac bone grafts after sinus floor elevation: a clinical pilot study. J Oral Implantol 2015;41:276–283.

48. Gerstenfeld LC, Cho TJ, Kon T, et al. Impaired fracture healing in the absence of TNF-alpha signaling: the role of TNF-alpha in endochondral cartilage resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1584–1592.

49. Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA. COX inhibitors and their effects on bone healing. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2004;3:131–136.

50. Gerstenfeld LC, Sacks DJ, Pelis M, et al. Comparison of effects of the bisphosphonate alendronate versus the RANKL inhibitor denosumab on murine fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res 2009;24:196–208.

51. Graves DT, Alshabab A, Albiero ML, et al. Osteocytes play an important role in experimental periodontitis in healthy and diabetic mice through expression of RANKL. J Clin Periodontol 2018;45:285–292.

52. Gray JC, Elves MW. Donor cells’ contribution to osteogenesis in experimental cancellous bone grafts. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982;163:261–271.

53. Gray JC, Elves MW. Early osteogenesis in compact bone isografts: a quantitative study of contributions of the different graft cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1979;29:225–237.

54. Grimes R, Jepsen KJ, Fitch JL, Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. The transcriptome of fracture healing defines mechanisms of coordination of skeletal and vascular development during endochondral bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:2597–2609.

55. Gruber R. Osteoimmunology: inflammatory osteolysis and regeneration of the alveolar bone. J Clin Periodontol 2019;46(suppl 21):52–69.

56. Gruber R, Baron M, Busenlechner D, Kandler B, Fuerst G, Watzek G. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of cells from cortical bone cylinders, bone particles from mill, and drilling dust. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63:238–243.

57. Holzle F, Watola A, Kesting MR, Nolte D, Wolff KD. Atrophy of free fibular grafts after mandibular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:151–156.

58. Jacobsen C, Lubbers HT, Obwegeser J, Soltermann A, Gratz KW. Histological evaluation of microsurgical revascularized bone in the intraoral cavity: does it remain alive? Microsurgery 2011;31:98–103.

59. Jensen SS, Broggini N, Hjorting-Hansen E, Schenk R, Buser D. Bone healing and graft resorption of autograft, anorganic bovine bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate. A histologic and histomorphometric study in the mandibles of minipigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17:237–243.

60. Jensen SS, Yeo A, Dard M, Hunziker E, Schenk R, Buser D. Evaluation of a novel biphasic calcium phosphate in standardized bone defects: a histologic and histomorphometric study in the mandibles of minipigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18:752–760.

61. Jimi E, Nakamura I, Amano H, et al. Osteoclast function is activated by osteoblastic cells through a mechanism involving cell-to-cell contact. Endocrinology 1996;137: 2187–2190.

62. Karsenty G, Kronenberg HM, Settembre C. Genetic control of bone formation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2009;25: 629–648.

63. Katz RW, Hollinger JO, Reddi AH. The functional equivalence of demineralized bone and tooth matrices in ectopic bone induction. J Biomed Mater Res 1993;27:239–245.

64. Kawao N, Tamura Y, Okumoto K, et al. Plasminogen plays a crucial role in bone repair. J Bone Miner Res 2013;28:1561–1574.

65. Kennedy OD, Herman BC, Laudier DM, Majeska RJ, Sun HB, Schaffler MB. Activation of resorption in fatigue-loaded bone involves both apoptosis and active pro-osteoclastogenic signaling by distinct osteocyte populations. Bone 2012;50:1115–1122.

66. Kennedy OD, Laudier DM, Majeska RJ, Sun HB, Schaffler MB. Osteocyte apoptosis is required for production of osteoclastogenic signals following bone fatigue in vivo. Bone 2014;64:132–137.

67. Khoury F. The bony lid approach in pre-implant and implant surgery: a prospective study. Eur J Oral Implantol 2013;6:375–384.

68. Khoury F, Doliveux R. The bone core technique for the augmentation of limited bony defects: five-year prospective study with a new minimally invasive technique. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2018;38:199–207.

69. Khoury F, Hanser T. Mandibular bone block harvesting from the retromolar region: a 10-year prospective clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2015;30:688–697.

70. Khoury F, Hanser T. Three-dimensional vertical alveolar ridge augmentation in the posterior maxilla: a 10-year clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2019;34: 471–480.

71. Khoury F, Hensher R. The bony lid approach for the apical root resection of lower molars. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;16:166–170.

72. Khoury F, Khoury C. Mandibular bone block grafts: instrumentation, harvesting technique and application. Journal de Parodontologie & d’Implantologie Orale 2006;25:15–34.

73. Kong YY, Yoshida H, Sarosi I, et al. OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 1999;397: 315–323.

74. Kruyt MC, Delawi D, Habibovic P, Oner FC, van Blitterswijk CA, Dhert WJ. Relevance of bone graft viability in a goat transverse process model. J Orthop Res 2009;27: 1055–1059.

75. Kruyt MC, Dhert WJ, Oner C, van Blitterswijk CA, Verbout AJ, de Bruijn JD. Osteogenicity of autologous bone transplants in the goat. Transplantation 2004;77: 504–509.

76. Kruyt MC, Dhert WJ, Yuan H, et al. Bone tissue engineering in a critical size defect compared to ectopic implantations in the goat. J Orthop Res 2004;22:544–551.

77. Kuchler U, Schwarze UY, Dobsak T, et al. Dental and periodontal phenotype in sclerostin knockout mice. Int J Oral Sci 2014;6:70–76.

78. Kusumbe AP, Ramasamy SK, Adams RH. Coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by a specific vessel subtype in bone. Nature 2014;507:323–328.

79. Kuznetsov SA, Krebsbach PH, Satomura K, et al. Single-colony derived strains of human marrow stromal fibroblasts form bone after transplantation in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:1335–1347.

80. Lee J, Chavez CL, Park J. Parameters affecting mechanical and thermal responses in bone drilling: a review. J Biomech 2018;71:4–21.

81. Li X, Cao X. BMP signaling and skeletogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1068:26–40.

82. Li X, Ominsky MS, Niu QT, et al. Targeted deletion of the sclerostin gene in mice results in increased bone formation and bone strength. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23: 860–869.

83. Luyten FP, Cunningham NS, Ma S, et al. Purification and partial amino acid sequence of osteogenin, a protein initiating bone differentiation. J Biol Chem 1989;264: 13377–13380.

84. Mbalaviele G, Novack DV, Schett G, Teitelbaum SL. Inflammatory osteolysis: a conspiracy against bone. J Clin Invest 2017;127:2030–2039.

85. McDonald MM, Dulai S, Godfrey C, Amanat N, Sztynda T, Little DG. Bolus or weekly zoledronic acid administration does not delay endochondral fracture repair but weekly dosing enhances delays in hard callus remodeling. Bone 2008;43:653–662.

86. Meredith N. Assessment of implant stability as a prognostic determinant. Int J Prosthodont 1998;11:491–501.

87. Miron RJ, Sculean A, Shuang Y, et al. Osteoinductive potential of a novel biphasic calcium phosphate bone graft in comparison with autographs, xenografts, and DFDBA. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016;27:668–675.

88. Miron RJ, Zhang Q, Sculean A, et al. Osteoinductive potential of 4 commonly employed bone grafts. Clin Oral Investig 2016;20:2259–2265.

89. Nakashima T, Hayashi M, Fukunaga T, et al. Evidence for osteocyte regulation of bone homeostasis through RANKL expression. Nat Med 2011;17:1231–1234.

90. Nauta A, Gurtner G, Longaker MT. Wound healing and regenerative strategies. Oral Dis 2011;17:541–549.

91. Nefussi JR. Biology and physiology of the implant bone site. In: Khoury F, Antoun H, Missika P (eds). Bone Augmentation in Oral Implantology. Quintessence, 2007: 1–27.

92. Piemontese M, Xiong J, Fujiwara Y, Thostenson JD, O’Brien CA. Cortical bone loss caused by glucocorticoid excess requires RANKL production by osteocytes and is associated with reduced OPG expression in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016;311:E587–E593.

93. Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Osteocytic signalling pathways as therapeutic targets for bone fragility. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016;12:593–605.

94. Quarles LD. Skeletal secretion of FGF-23 regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012;8:276–286.

95. Raggatt LJ, Wullschleger ME, Alexander KA, et al. Fracture healing via periosteal callus formation requires macrophages for both initiation and progression of early endochondral ossification. Am J Pathol 2014;184:3192–3204.

96. Robling AG, Turner CH. Mechanical signaling for bone modeling and remodeling. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2009;19:319–338.

97. Root SH, Wee NKY, Novak S, et al. Perivascular osteoprogenitors are associated with transcortical channels of long bones. Stem Cells 2020;38:769–781.

98. Sakkas A, Wilde F, Heufelder M, Winter K, Schramm A. Autogenous bone grafts in oral implantology – is it still a “gold standard”? A consecutive review of 279 patients with 456 clinical procedures. Int J Implant Dent 2017;3:23.

99. Salazar VS, Gamer LW, Rosen V. BMP signalling in skeletal development, disease and repair. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016;12:203–221.

100. Saulacic N, Bosshardt DD, Jensen SS, Miron RJ, Gruber R, Buser D. Impact of bone graft harvesting techniques on bone formation and graft resorption: a histomorphometric study in the mandibles of minipigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015;26:383–391.

101. Sbordone C, Toti P, Guidetti F, Califano L, Pannone G, Sbordone L. Volumetric changes after sinus augmentation using blocks of autogenous iliac bone or freeze-dried allogeneic bone. A non-randomized study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014;42:113–118.

102. Schlegel KA, Fichtner G, Schultze-Mosgau S, Wiltfang J. Histologic findings in sinus augmentation with autogenous bone chips versus a bovine bone substitute. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:53–58.

103. Schmitz JP, Hollinger JO. The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986:299–308.

104. Schropp L, Wenzel A, Kostopoulos L, Karring T. Bone healing and soft tissue contour changes following single-tooth extraction: a clinical and radiographic 12-month prospective study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2003;23:313–323.

105. Scvhwarze UY, Strauss FJ, Gruber R. Caspase inhibitor attenuates the shape changes in the alveolar ridge following tooth extraction: A pilot study in rats. J Perio Res (in press).

106. Seeman E. Bone modeling and remodeling. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2009;19:219–233.

107. Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality – the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2250–2261.

108. Sennerby L, Meredith N. Implant stability measurements using resonance frequency analysis: biological and biomechanical aspects and clinical implications. Periodontol 2000 2008;47:51–66.

109. Shoji-Matsunaga A, Ono T, Hayashi M, Takayanagi H, Moriyama K, Nakashima T. Osteocyte regulation of orthodontic force-mediated tooth movement via RANKL expression. Sci Rep 2017;7:8753.

110. Shokri T, Stahl LE, Kanekar SG, Goyal N. Osseous changes over time in free fibular flap reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2019;129:1113–1116.

111. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997;89:309–319.

112. Sims NA, Martin TJ. Coupling the activities of bone formation and resorption: a multitude of signals within the basic multicellular unit. Bonekey Rep 2014;3:481.

113. Singer AJ, Clark RA. Cutaneous wound healing. N Engl J Med 1999;341:738–746.

114. Sirinoglu H, Cilingir OT, Celebiler O, Ercan F, Numanoglu A. The effect of liquid nitrogen on bone graft survival. Facial Plast Surg 2015;31:401–410.

115. Springer IN, Terheyden H, Geiss S, Harle F, Hedderich J, Acil Y. Particulated bone grafts – effectiveness of bone cell supply. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004;15:205–212.

116. Strauss FJ, Kuchler U, Kobatake R, Heimel P, Tangl S, Gruber R. Acid bone lysates reduces bone regeneration in rat calvaria defects (in review).

117. Strauss FJ, Stahli A, Beer L, et al. Acid bone lysate activates TGFbeta signalling in human oral fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018;8:16065.

118. Suda T, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Jimi E, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families. Endocr Rev 1999;20: 345–357.

119. Sun Q, Li Z, Liu B, Yuan X, Guo S, Helms JA. Improving intraoperative storage conditions for autologous bone grafts: an experimental investigation in mice. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019;13:2169–2180.

120. Tatsumi S, Ishii K, Amizuka N, et al. Targeted ablation of osteocytes induces osteoporosis with defective mechanotransduction. Cell Metab 2007;5:464–475.

121. Teitelbaum SL, Ross FP. Genetic regulation of osteoclast development and function. Nat Rev Genet 2003;4:638–649.

122. Timmen M, Hidding H, Wieskotter B, et al. Influence of antiTNF-alpha antibody treatment on fracture healing under chronic inflammation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014;15:184.

123. Torreggiani E, Matthews BG, Pejda S, et al. Preosteocytes/osteocytes have the potential to dedifferentiate becoming a source of osteoblasts. PLoS One 2013;8:e75204.

124. Triplett RG, Schow SR. Autologous bone grafts and endosseous implants: complementary techniques. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;54:486–494.

125. Tsuji K, Bandyopadhyay A, Harfe BD, et al. BMP2 activity, although dispensable for bone formation, is required for the initiation of fracture healing. Nat Genet 2006; 38:1424–1429.

126. Tsuji K, Cox K, Bandyopadhyay A, Harfe BD, Tabin CJ, Rosen V. BMP4 is dispensable for skeletogenesis and fracture-healing in the limb. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90(suppl 1):14–18.

127. Tsuji K, Cox K, Gamer L, Graf D, Economides A, Rosen V. Conditional deletion of BMP7 from the limb skeleton does not affect bone formation or fracture repair. J Orthop Res 2010;28:384–389.

128. Uitterlinden AG, Arp PP, Paeper BW, et al. Polymorphisms in the sclerosteosis/van Buchem disease gene (SOST) region are associated with bone-mineral density in elderly whites. Am J Hum Genet 2004;75: 1032–1045.

129. van Bezooijen RL, Roelen BA, Visser A, et al. Sclerostin is an osteocyte-expressed negative regulator of bone formation, but not a classical BMP antagonist. J Exp Med 2004;199:805–814.

130. van Bezooijen RL, ten Dijke P, Papapoulos SE, Lowik CW. SOST/sclerostin, an osteocyte-derived negative regulator of bone formation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005;16:319–327.

131. Vasak C, Busenlechner D, Schwarze UY, et al. Early bone apposition to hydrophilic and hydrophobic titanium implant surfaces: a histologic and histomorphometric study in minipigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014;25: 1378–1385.

132. Waechter J, Madruga MM, Carmo Filho LCD, Leite FRM, Schinestsck AR, Faot F. Comparison between tapered and cylindrical implants in the posterior regions of the mandible: a prospective, randomized, split-mouth clinical trial focusing on implant stability changes during early healing. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2017;19:733–741.

133. Wang EA, Rosen V, Cordes P, et al. Purification and characterization of other distinct bone-inducing factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988;85:9484–9488.

134. Watson EC, Adams RH. Biology of bone: the vasculature of the skeletal system. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8: a031559.

135. Wu AC, Raggatt LJ, Alexander KA, Pettit AR. Unraveling macrophage contributions to bone repair. Bonekey Rep 2013;2:373.

136. Xiao WL, Zhang DZ, Chen XJ, Yuan C, Xue LF. Osteogenesis effect of guided bone regeneration combined with alveolar cleft grafting: assessment by cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;45:683–687.

137. Xie H, Cui Z, Wang L, et al. PDGF-BB secreted by preosteoclasts induces angiogenesis during coupling with osteogenesis. Nat Med 2014;20:1270–1278.

138. Xiong J, Onal M, Jilka RL, Weinstein RS, Manolagas SC, O’Brien CA. Matrix-embedded cells control osteoclast formation. Nat Med 2011;17:1235–1241.

139. Xiong J, Piemontese M, Onal M, et al. Osteocytes, not osteoblasts or lining cells, are the main source of the RANKL required for osteoclast formation in remodeling bone. PLoS One 2015;10:e0138189.

140. Xiong J, Piemontese M, Thostenson JD, Weinstein RS, Manolagas SC, O’Brien CA. Osteocyte-derived RANKL is a critical mediator of the increased bone resorption caused by dietary calcium deficiency. Bone 2014;66: 146–154.

141. Yuasa M, Mignemi NA, Nyman JS, et al. Fibrinolysis is essential for fracture repair and prevention of heterotopic ossification. J Clin Invest 2015;125:3117–3131.

142. Zhang X, Schwarz EM, Young DA, Puzas JE, Rosier RN, O’Keefe RJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and is critically involved in bone repair. J Clin Invest 2002;109: 1405–1415.

143. Zielins ER, Atashroo DA, Maan ZN, et al. Wound healing: an update. Regen Med 2014;9:817–830.