Читать книгу Biogeography - Группа авторов - Страница 33

Another exciting development in recent years is the long-sought-after integration of the ecological and historical (phylogenetic) sides of biogeography. Ecological biogeography is defined as dealing with environmental factors and evolutionary processes that act at short time scales and individual or population levels, such as biotic interaction (facilitation, competition), environmental filtering or random genetic drift. Historical biogeography is concerned with deep-time geological events and species-level evolutionary processes, such as dispersal, extinction or speciation (Sanmartín 2012). The distinction between these two approaches has become blurred. For example, a vicariance barrier can be geological (e.g. a mountain) or environmental (e.g. climatically inhospitable land where a species cannot maintain viable populations).

Similarly, for overland dispersal, both the physical bridge and the right environmental conditions along the corridor are a requisite (Donoghue 2008). Ecological niche models can be used to find areas that are within the environmental tolerances of a species, and this information can be used in a biogeographic analysis for modeling the probability of dispersal along corridors or across barriers (Smith and Donoghue 2010). The ecological preferences of ancestors can also be incorporated through the inclusion of fossil, extinct taxa in the analysis; this offers great potential for reconstructing species distributions over the distant past (Meseguer et al. 2015). Ecological processes such as competition and environmental filtering can be modeled in Quintero and Landis’s (2019) composite biogeographic-trait evolutionary model: the rates of range expansion and range contraction depend on the trait values of other co-distributed species (effect of competition on biogeography), while the rate of divergence and convergence of trait values in a species depends on its sympatry with other species, gained or lost via colonization and extinction rates (effect of biogeography on traits).