Читать книгу Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition - Группа авторов - Страница 16

The world production of dry beans was 28.9 million metric tons (MT) in 2019, which represented an increase of 64.74% as compared to 17.5 million MT in 1990 (Figure 1.3). From 2010 to 2019, dry bean production increased by 4.3 million MT, or 17.33%, whereas in the preceding 20‐year period (1990–2009), global production increased only by 4.5 million MT (17.33%). Note: The percentages shown are slightly off in this section since these were not calculated from the rounded off data (to one decimal point) reported here. Regionally, Asia accounted for 49.72% of global production, followed by Africa and Americas (North, Central and South), with 24.40% and 24.36% share, respectively. The total area under dry beans cultivation was 33.1 million hectares in 2019, which represented an increase of 25% compared to 1990’s 26.5 million hectare. These figures illustrate that most of the production increases during nearly three decades were achieved through genetic improvements and applying good agricultural practices (GAPs) rather than through increases in area under cultivation.

The total world production of pulses (chickpeas, lentils, lupins, pigeon peas, vetches, and other minor pulses) in 2019 was 30.7 million MT, which represented an increase of 66.42% compared to 18.4 million MT in 1990 (Figure 1.3). Chickpeas (14.3 million MT) and lentils (5.7 million MT) accounted for 65% of the total pulses production. From 1990 to 2009, pulses production increased by 4.5 million MT, whereas a 7.9 million MT increase was reported in just a 10‐year period from 2010 to 2019. With respect to regional distribution, Asia led the global production with 65.60% share, followed by Americas (11.72%), and Africa (11.00%).

The total area under pulses cultivation was 31.4 million hectares in 2019, which showed an increase of 6.3 million hectares or 25.20% since 1990. However, area under cultivation decreased significantly from the preceding year (2018), which was an all‐time high of 38.1 million hectares. It is noted that most of the increase in area was recorded from 2010 to 2019, while it remained somewhat flat during the preceding 20 years (1990–2009).

The total world production of cowpeas was 8.9 million MT in 2019, which was more than four times as compared to 2.1 million MT in 1990 (Figure 1.3). However, from 2010 to 2019, an increase of only 25.47% was recorded, compared to 7.1 million MT in 2010. The area under cowpeas cultivation since 1990 exhibited a significant growth, i.e., from 5.7 to 14.4 million hectares. In contrast to dry beans and pulses, the boost in cowpea production appeared to be related mainly to the increases in the cultivated area. Nonetheless, technological advances too have contributed partially to higher production of cowpeas globally.

The average yield of dry beans, all pulses, and cowpeas was 874, 1124, and 616 kg/hectare, respectively, in 2019. As was the case with the total production and area under cultivation, yields of dry beans, all pulses, and cowpeas since 1990 have recorded a 32.26, 32.08, and 60.78% increase, respectively.

Leading producers of dry beans, cowpea, chickpea, lentil, lupin, pigeon pea, vetches, and other minor pulses are shown in Table 1.2. Myanmar, India, Brazil, China, and Tanzania top‐five dry beans producing countries in 2019, with a production of 5,846,622 MT, 5,310,000 MT, 2,906,508 MT, 1,297,867 MT, and 1,197,489 MT, respectively. Combined, these five countries contributed about 57% of the total world production. Uganda, USA, Mexico, Kenya, and Burundi were the other countries among the leading dry beans producers. Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Kenya were the top‐five cowpea producers, with Nigeria and Niger together accounting for 67% of the total world production. The cowpea production in the USA has been on a decline in recent years, with 2019 production of 11,750 MT, which was 65,570 MT in 2010.

Fig. 1.3. World production (bars) and area under cultivation (lines) of dry beans, pulses, and cowpeas (1990–2019). Dry beans data include pinto, navy, kidney, lima, black, great northern; pulses data include chickpeas, lentils, lupins, pigeon peas, vetches, and other minor pulses.

Source: FAO (2020).

Table 1.2. Leading dry beans and pulses producing countries in 2019 (metric tons, MT).

Source: FAO (2020).

Dry beans	Cowpeas	Chickpeas	Lentils
Myanmar	5,846,622	Nigeria	3,576,361	India	9,937,990	Canada	2,166,900
India	5,310,000	Niger	2,386,735	Turkey	630,000	India	1,227,820
Brazil	2,906,508	Burkina Faso	652,454	Russian Fed.	506,166	Australia	533,755
China	1,297,867	Ethiopia	374,332	Myanmar	499,438	Turkey	353,631
Tanzania	1,197,489	Kenya	246,870	Pakistan	446,584	Nepal	251,185
Uganda	979,789	Mali	215,436	Ethiopia	435,193	USA	244,400
USA	932,220	Cameroon	215,016	USA	282,910	Bangladesh	175,384
Mexico	879,404	Ghana	202,735	Australia	281,200	China	164,239
Kenya	747,000	Senegal	184,137	Canada	251,500	Ethiopia	119,329
Burundi	619,151	Sudan	161,000	Mexico	202,846	Russian Fed.	116,618
World Total 1	28,902,672	World Total 1	8,903,329	World Total 1	14,246,295	World Total 1	5,734,201
Lupin	Pigeon pea	Vetches	Other pulses
Australia	474,629	India	3,315,440	Ethiopia	312,680	India	912,609
Russian Fed.	166,271	Malawi	464,787	Russian	163,163	U.K.	230,139
Poland	145,690	Myanmar	347,395	Mexico	97,230	Mozambique	221,886
Morocco	67,928	Tanzania	90,088	Turkey	51,767	Spain	213,420
Chile	45,606	Kenya	87,912	Syria	33,978	Kyrgyzstan	180,379
Germany	25,600	Haiti	44,868	Belarus	31,739	Viet Nam	160,186
Greece	22,900	Dominican Rep.	25,322	Serbia	28,018	Poland	154,760
Peru	16,458	Nepal	16,538	Morocco	7,795	China	143,177
Ukraine	10,760	Uganda	14,223	Palestine	6,914	Tanzania	142,289
South Africa	7,224	Congo	6,510	Australia	6,790	Thailand	134,123
World Total 1	1,006,842	World Total 1	4,425,969	World Total 1	762,795	World Total 1	4,553,029

¹ Including all other countries not listed

Among pulses, India ranked first in chickpea production with 9,937,990 MT, or about 70% of total world production in 2019. Turkey, Russian Federation, Myanmar, and Pakistan were the other countries in the top‐five chickpea producers. Lentil production is led by Canada (2,166,900 MT) followed by India, Australia, Turkey, and Nepal. Canada’s share of total lentil production in the world was nearly 38%. Australia was the top producer of lupins, with a 47% share of total world production, followed by Russian Federation, Poland, Morocco, and Chile; these five countries accounted for 89% of lupins produced in 2019. India, Malawi, Myanmar, Tanzania, Kenya were the top‐five pigeonpea producing countries, with India alone producing about 75% pigeonpeas. Ethiopia, with 41% of total world production, was the top producer of vetches in 2019, while India led in the production of other minor pulses with 20% global share.

Among all pulse crops, only dry beans, chickpeas, and lentils are traded globally on a wider scale (FAO 2020). Cowpeas and other pulses are traded in the world market on a much smaller basis but FAO does not report data on these pulse crops. The major exporting and importing countries for dry beans, chickpeas, and lentils are listed in Table 1.3. Myanmar, Russian Federation, and Canada were the top exporters of dry beans, chickpeas, and lentils in 2019, with 23.92, 21.61, and 54.28% share of total exports, respectively. Other countries among top‐five exporters were Argentina, USA, China, and Canada (dry beans), Australia, Turkey, USA, and Mexico (chickpeas), and Australia, Turkey, USA, and UAE (lentils). The top‐five importing countries were India, Brazil, Turkey, USA, and China (dry beans), Egypt, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Turkey (chickpeas), and India, Bangladesh, Turkey, UAE, and Sri Lanka (lentils). It is noted that UAE, which is not a major producer of chickpeas and lentils, imports these quantities in bulk and exports them in bulk and retail size packaging.

Table 1.3. Leading dry beans, chickpeas, and lentils exporting and importing countries in 2019 (metric tons).

Source: FAO (2020).

Exporters:
Dry beans	Chickpeas	Lentils
Myanmar	1,097,218	Russian Fed.	470,439	Canada	2,116,910
Argentina	457,041	Australia	406,157	Australia	498,992
USA	451,733	Turkey	212,598	Turkey	308,545
China	350,649	USA	154,784	USA	262,404
Canada	342,563	Mexico	133,309	UAE	209,780
Uganda	175,000	Canada	129,922	Kazakhstan	181,809
Ethiopia	165,265	India	123,493	Russian Fed.	150,818
Mozambique	164,055	Tanzania	111,459	Syria	19,678
Uzbekistan	151,077	Argentina	103,928	Egypt	17,401
Brazil	123,106	UAE	61,830	India	17,338
World Total 1	4,587,193	World Total 1	2,177,431	World Total 1	3,899,913
Importers:
Dry Beans	Chickpeas	Lentils
India	520,965	Egypt	5,672,922	India	822,398
Brazil	150,660	Pakistan	410,083	Bangladesh	472,411
Turkey	145,240	India	371,883	Turkey	401,168
USA	139,850	Bangladesh	241,076	UAE	268,139
China	134,956	Turkey	114,770	Sri Lanka	167,810
Italy	131,527	UAE	105,076	Pakistan	123,735
Mexico	123,653	Iraq	77,083	Iraq	100,059
UK	116,543	Algeria	75,377	Colombia	86,475
Pakistan	103,871	Saudi Arabia	60,786	Canada	83,154
Viet Nam	94,559	Spain	56,979	Sudan	79,353
World Total 1	3,453,050	World Total 1	7,796,178	World Total 1	3,770,132

¹ Including all other countries not listed