Читать книгу Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy - Группа авторов - Страница 92

 Endoscopic instruments are modified basic surgical instruments and include forceps, scissors, tissue retractors, and needle holders.

 Types of forceps include grasping, dissection, and biopsy.

 The working end has a single‐ or double‐action mechanism.

 For most surgical application in small animals, 5 mm instruments are adequate.

 Endoscopic instrument packs should include traditional open surgical instruments for securing of drapes and initial port entry and possible for conversion to open surgery.