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Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Tables
Guide
Pages
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1
Photocatalytic Biomass Valorization into Valuable Chemicals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Renewable Energy Sources: The Great Hope of the Future
1.2.1 Biomass Types and Their Composition
1.2.2 Biomass Valorization Techniques
1.2.3 Economic Aspects of Biomass Utilization
1.3 Photocatalysis & Photocatalyst
1.3.1 Mechanism for Photocatalytic Conversion of Biomass
1.3.2 TiO
2
as a Significant Photocatalyst
1.3.3 Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Efficiency
1.3.4 Characterization Tests
1.3.5 Design Challenges of Photocatalytic Reactors
1.3.6 Solar Fuel Synthesis Through Photocatalysis
1.3.7 Photocatalytic Reforming
1.4 Conclusions
References
Страница 29
2
Biobased Aromatics—Challenges and Opportunities for Development of Lignin as Future Building Blocks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sources of Bio-Aromatics From Natural Material
2.3 Production of Bio-Aromatics (Bio-Aromatics as Lignin)
2.3.1 Pre-Treatment
2.3.1.1 Physical Pre-Treatment
2.3.1.2 Chemical Pre-Treatment
2.3.1.2.1 Alkaline
2.3.1.2.2 Wet Oxidation
2.3.1.2.3 Acid
2.3.1.3 Physicochemical Pre-Treatment
2.3.1.4 Biological Treatment
2.3.2 Lignin as Bio-Aromatics
2.4 Lignin as Future Building Block
2.5 Commercialization of Biobased Aromatics
2.5.1 Phenolic Resins
2.5.2 Epoxies
2.5.3 Adhesives
2.5.4 Polyolefins
2.5.5 Miscellaneous
2.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Страница 51
3
Biofuels and Fine Chemicals From Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Sustainable and Circular Economy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different Methods for Biomass Transformation to Fuels and Value-Added Chemicals 3.2.1 Pyrolysis
3.2.2 Gasification
3.2.3 Aqueous Phase Reforming Aqueous Phase Reforming
3.3 Types of Biomass
3.3.1 Wood and Woody Biomass
3.3.2 Herbaceous Biomass
3.3.3 Aquatic Biomass
3.3.4 Animal and Human Waste Biomass
3.3.5 Biomass Mixtures and Municipal Biomass
3.4 Sustainability of Biofuels
3.5 Environmental Impacts
References
Страница 66
4
Carbon-Based Catalysts for Biorefinery Processes: Carbon-Based Catalysts for Valorization of Glycerol Waste From Biodiesel Industry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Production of Biodiesel and Crude Glycerol
4.3 Refining Process for Crude Glycerol
4.3.1 Neutralization/Acidification
4.3.2 Methanol Removal
4.3.3 Vacuum Distillation
4.3.4 Ion Exchange
4.3.5 Adsorption
4.4 Technologies for Glycerol Valorization
4.4.1 Biological Conversion
4.4.2 Thermochemical Conversion
4.4.2.1 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
4.4.2.2 Esterification and Acetylation of Glycerol
4.4.2.3 Reforming of Glycerol
4.4.2.4 Oxidation of Glycerol
4.4.2.5 Etherification
4.4.2.6 Dehydration of Glycerol
4.4.2.7 Cyclization
Conclusion
References
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