Читать книгу Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications - Группа авторов - Страница 16

Biomass can be obtained from nature directly in the form of waste. According to many varieties, biomass can be divided into several categories which are given below [3]:

1 (a) Biomass from wood (Stems, branches, sawdust, etc.)

2 (b) Herbaceous biomass (Flowers, grasses, straws, corncob, rice husk, etc.)

3 (c) Aquatic biomass (Marine and freshwater algae, microalgae, etc.)

4 (d) Animal and human waste biomass (Bones, various other manures, etc.)

5 (e) Contaminated biomass and industrial biomass wastes (semi-biomass: Municipal solid wastes, fiberboard, plywood, etc.)

6 (f) Biomass mixture.

Feedstocks of biomass are divided into several analyses such as proximate, ultimate, and structural. The compositional values of various biomass types are given in Table 1.1 according to chemical/elemental analysis.

Table 1.1 Elemental and chemical composition of biomass types [4].

Biomass groups/elemental composition	Wood biomass	Herbaceous biomass	Aquatic biomass	Animal and human waste biomass	Contaminated biomass and industrial biomass wastes	Biomass mixture
C (%)	49–57	42–58	27–43	57–61	43–45	45–71
O (%)	32–45	34–49	34–46	21–25	36–41	16–46
H (%)	5–10	3–9	4–6	7–8	5–6	6–11
S (%)	<1–1	<1–1	1–3	1–2	0.25–0.4	<1–2
N (%)	<1–1	<1–3	1–3	6–12	1.5–1.75	1–6
VM (%)	30–80	41–77	42–53	43–62	76–77.5	41–79
FC (%)	6–25	9–35	22–33	12–13	11–16	1–15
M (%)	5–63	4–48	8–14	3–9	–	3–38
A (%)	1–8	1–19	11–38	23–34	11–17	3–43

^*Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Sulfur (S), Nitrogen (N), Volatile matter (VM), Fixed carbon (FC), moisture (M), and ash (A) content.

Biomass is recognized as renewable energy carriers in terms of electrical or heat energy and transportation of fuels to replace the need of fossil fuels so that the harmful effects of environment can be limited but it all depends on quality and quantity of biomass feedstocks. Moreover, several characteristics should be kept in mind to evaluate the performance of any biomass feed which are listed below:

1 (i) Moisture content,

2 (ii) Calorific value,

3 (iii) Ash content,

4 (iv) Proportion of fixed carbon and volatile substances,

5 (v) Alkali metal content,

6 (vi) Cellulose/lignin ratio,

7 (vii) pH, etc.