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A wide range of energy that people use in the human habitation and in other necessary spaces is procured from non-renewable sources of energy. As we all know energy extracted from conventional approach (coal, petrol, diesel, natural gas, hydrates, oil, shale, natural bitumen, extra heavy oil, etc.) is reducing day by day due to finite availability on this globe [1]. The reasons behind this energy crisis are given in Figure 1.1. With great benefits, the sources of conventional energy are also creating huge adverse impacts such as global warming and ocean acidification. In global warming, the average temperature of the atmosphere increases which in turn results in many climatic problems such as high speed of melting glaciers, intense storm threat, disbalances in atmosphere’s chemical composition, scarcity of water, possibility of fire in forests, etc. Ocean acidification is the consequence of some anthropogenic excess that is responsible for global warming in which there is release of more amount of carbon dioxide at faster rates. Due to this impact, the pH level of ocean lowers down causing the absorption of carbon dioxide in the ocean water forcefully creating more and more acids in the oceans.

Figure 1.1 Reasons for energy crisis on earth.

The fuels obtained from conventional sources of energy are costly in nature and also influence the global economy. To overcome all these kinds of concerns and keeping an important point of view in mind for the future, there is a great need to focus on research related to renewable sources energy for producing clean and environmental friendly fuels. The possible pathways to obtain fuels from conventional and renewable sources of energy are presented in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Distribution of sources of energy.