Читать книгу Gas Insulated Substations - Группа авторов - Страница 4

List of Illustrations

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Organization of the Substations Committee
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 One of the first GIS installed in Berlin, Germany, in 1968 at Wit...Figure 2.2 Steel enclosure – inductive flange production Figure 2.3 Circuit breaker enclosure – three‐phase design of 110 kV Figure 2.4 110 kV GIS – double bus bar, three‐phase encapsulated, horizontal...Figure 2.5 380 kV horizontal GIS – three‐phase double bus bar and single‐pha...Figure 2.6 Steel enclosure manufacturing process Figure 2.7 Aluminum enclosure manufacturing Figure 2.8 (a) 145 kV GIS – single‐phase encapsulated and horizontal circuit...Figure 2.9 (a) 110 kV GIS – vertical circuit breaker and three‐phase enclosu...Figure 2.10 (a) 500 kV GIS – horizontal single‐phase circuit breaker and two...Figure 2.11 Self‐blast interruption unit – 1973 first patent Figure 2.12 Two‐cycle circuit breaker – anticompression cylinder – 1977 firs...Figure 2.13 Double valve interruption unit – 1985 first patents – low power ...Figure 2.14 Hydraulic drive for circuit breakers – until 2000 Figure 2.15 Spring drive for circuit breakers – since 2000 Figure 2.16 Reduction in size of GIS – 145 kV rated voltage Figure 2.17 Extension of 110 kV GIS – 110kV rated voltage. Extension of firs...Figure 2.18 Reduction of SF₆ – gas weight reduction Figure 2.19 A coaxial system such as in GIS Figure 2.20 The maximum electric field inside a GIS remains near constant ov...Figure 2.21 An electron in an electric field is accelerated, creating an ava...Figure 2.22 Mean free path is the mean distance a particle (electron) travel...Figure 2.23 Sulfur hexafluoride has twice the collision diameter of nitrogen...Figure 2.24 Increasing the gas design by six times has a large impact on red...Figure 2.25 A void in a solid insulator will cause a local field enhancement...Figure 2.26 World‐wide installed GIS Figure 2.27 Comparison of the GIS service Figure 2.28 Single‐ and three‐phase designs of GIS Figure 2.29 GIS maintenance strategies Figure 2.30 Failure distribution on voltage levels Figure 2.31 Indoor and outdoor GIS failure distribution Figure 2.32 GIS component failure distribution Figure 2.33 Failure numbers of GIS related to age Figure 2.34 Comparison of the failure rates of the GIS and AIS Figure 2.35 Ladders and platforms in GIS Figure 2.36 Gas density monitoring indicator Figure 2.37 UHF antenna connector for PD monitoring Figure 2.38 Compensation of thermal expansion. (a) Thermal expansion between...Figure 2.39 Direct cable connection to GIS at 110 kV and single‐phase insula...Figure 2.40 View of a typical floor inside a GIS building Figure 2.41 Ground/earth connection of GIS using bolts or a steel bar (Halfe...Figure 2.42 Three‐phase GIS enclosure currents Figure 2.43 Single‐phase GIS enclosure currents Figure 2.44 Circuit breaker and GIS bay grounding Figure 2.45 Buildings Figure 2.46 SF6 gas‐to‐cable connections Figure 2.47 Steel structures Figure 2.48 Molecular structure of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆)Figure 2.49 Greenhouse effect Figure 2.50 Arc current of SF₆, with SF₆ gas‐to‐air gas mixture and air Figure 2.51 SF₆ sales by end use of 2003 Figure 2.52 Reduction of the use of SF₆ Figure 2.53 SF₆ handling and recovering processes Figure 2.54 Reuse program of SF₆ for normal and special cases Figure 2.55 Closed loop handling symbol Figure 2.56 SF₆ purifying on‐site Figure 2.57 SF₆ recycling to ASTM D2472 [65] new gas Figure 2.58 Reuse program – exceptional case Figure 2.59 Incineration of SF₆ Figure 2.60 Commissioning or recommissioning of SF₆ Figure 2.61 For topping‐up of SF₆ Figure 2.62 SF₆ refilling of SF₆ Figure 2.63 Moisture content/dew point of SF₆ Figure 2.64 Measurement of SF₆ Figure 2.65 Quantity of reactive gaseous of SF₆ Figure 2.66 Sampling and shipment of SF₆ Figure 2.67 Recovery and reclaiming of nonarced and/or normally arced of SF₆ Figure 2.68 Heavily arced of SF₆ Figure 2.69 End‐of‐life disposal of SF₆ Figure 2.70 EPA Memorandum of Understanding Figure 2.71 Gas‐control scheme (e.g., with information about volume and pres...Figure 2.72 Training of SF₆ handling Figure 2.73 General purpose SF₆ reclaimer of SF₆ Figure 2.74 Filter types of SF₆ Figure 2.75 Equipment for SF₆ measurement of SF₆ Figure 2.76 Sniffing device of SF₆ Figure 2.77 Density meter of SF₆ Figure 2.78 Small equipment for Evacuation, Filling and Refilling of SF₆ Figure 2.79 Large equipment for evacuation, filling and refilling of SF₆ Figure 2.80 Storage of SF₆ Figure 2.81 Gas recovery of SF₆ for a small and a large enclosure Figure 2.82 Measuring protocol of gas recovery of SF₆ Figure 2.83 Energy supply without/with SF₆ technology – city of Würzburg Figure 2.84 AIS and GIS network structures Figure 2.85 Result of environmental impact of AIS and GIS solutions Figure 2.86 Kyoto Protocol – change from 2008 to 2012 in comparison to 1990...Figure 2.87 145 kV SF₆ GIS with 7 bays Figure 2.88 Impression on the influence of high GWP values: 1200 beech trees...Figure 2.89 SF₆ emission rate reduced but total SF₆ capacity increases Figure 2.90 Typical type test set up for high‐voltage test using SF₆ Figure 2.91 GIS installation with SF₆ filling on‐site Figure 2.92 Use of SF₆ in a closed cycle for the complete life cycle of GIS ...Figure 2.93 Characteristics of different alternative gases for GIS Figure 2.94 170 kV GIS air‐insulated circuit breaker in an air insulation de...Figure 2.95 Left: 72/84 kV dead tank VI circuit breaker with synthetic air i...Figure 2.96 145 kV live tank VI circuit breaker with N₂ insulation, 2010 Figure 2.97 Left: 170 kV GIS with flouroketone for the circuit breaker and f...Figure 2.98 Left: 145 kV GIS using flouronitrile for insulation including th...Figure 2.99 Transition from only SF₆ to multiple gases Figure 2.100 Insulating gases used in transmission (left of line) and distri...Figure 2.101 Typical Outdoor AIS substation (Source [96])Figure 2.102 Typical Dead Tank Compact Switchgear (DTC) components. 1. Bushi...Figure 2.103 Cross section and physical assembly of 363kV GIS Figure 2.104 Space savings using GIS instead of AIS Figure 2.105 GIS substation under a park in a city centerFigure 2.106 GIS substation within a historical building in the old part of ...Figure 2.107 330 kV indoor GIS substation at −50 °C (−58°) F outdoor tempera...Figure 2.108 Typical AIS equipment installation Figure 2.109 GIS installation by a complete bay Figure 2.110 Reduction of SF₆ GIS from the year 1970 until 2016 for a model ...Figure 2.111 GIS installation in architecturally enhanced building (Used wit...Figure 2.112 Coaxial design principal of gas‐insulated switchgear, r _c = rad...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Steel encapsulated GISFigure 3.2 Straight conductor graphicFigure 3.3 Three‐phase bus barFigure 3.4 Classic three‐phase cross section of a 72.5–170 kV GIS and a phot...Figure 3.5 Three‐phase circuit breaker enclosure up to 72.5 kVFigure 3.6 Three‐position, three‐phase encapsulated switch (a) four flange e...Figure 3.7 Three‐phase encapsulated high‐speed ground switch (a) enclosure w...Figure 3.8 Three‐phase encapsulated voltage transformer of 145 kV (a) enclos...Figure 3.9 Three‐phase encapsulated current transformer of 145 kV, (a) enclo...Figure 3.10 Three‐phase overhead line connection moduleFigure 3.11 Three‐phase overhead line connection module (cross section)Figure 3.12 Three‐phase (3a) and single phase (3b) encapsulated cable connec...Figure 3.13 Three‐phase encapsulated surge arrestersFigure 3.14 Three‐phase encapsulated bus bar for upto145 kV, (a) enclosure w...Figure 3.15 Typical GIS modules of single‐phase encapsulation of 245 kV and ...Figure 3.16 Circuit breaker single‐phase encapsulated module for 245 kV and ...Figure 3.17 Disconnector and ground single‐phase encapsulated switch of 245 ...Figure 3.18 Load‐break disconnector single‐phase encapsulated switch of 245 ...Figure 3.19 Current transformer module (a) cut open module with conductor, s...Figure 3.20 Voltage transformer moduleFigure 3.21 Progress of GIS development of a 145 kV GIS for size, space, and...Figure 3.22 Field experiences – feedback for the developmentFigure 3.23 Typical GIS factoryFigure 3.24 Vacuum testing of insulatorsFigure 3.25 Electrode preparation of insulatorsFigure 3.26 Conical gastight insulatorsFigure 3.27 Casting resin equipment for operation rods and tubesFigure 3.28 Machinery of operation rods and tubesFigure 3.29 Machinery center for enclosuresFigure 3.30 Cleaning and degreasing of enclosuresFigure 3.31 Test equipment for routine pressure and gas tightness test of en...Figure 3.32 Enclosures ready for routine tests of pressure and gas tightness...Figure 3.33 Hydro pressure test of enclosuresFigure 3.34 Painting of enclosuresFigure 3.35 Preassembly of a circuit breaker with capacitor and resistorFigure 3.36 Preassembly of a hydraulic drive of a circuit breakerFigure 3.37 Final assembly hallFigure 3.38 Typical detailed one‐line diagram of a single bay of GISFigure 3.39 GIS circuit breakerFigure 3.40 Typical coupling contact arrangementFigure 3.41 Typical disconnect switch enclosure arrangementFigure 3.42 Typical maintenance grounding switch enclosure arrangementFigure 3.43 Typical fast‐acting grounding switch enclosure arrangementFigure 3.44 Typical gas zone diagram for one GIS bayFigure 3.45 Typical current transformer assemblyFigure 3.46 Typical inductive voltage transformer assemblyFigure 3.47 Typical single‐phase metal‐enclosed surge arrester assemblyFigure 3.48 Typical SF₆ gas‐to‐air bushing assemblyFigure 3.49 Typical GIS to cable connection assemblyFigure 3.50 Typical GIB connection assemblyFigure 3.51 Typical expansion joint assemblyFigure 3.52 Typical transformer termination module arrangementFigure 3.53 Three‐phase insulated current transformer for up to 145 kV (a) e...Figure 3.54 Single‐phase insulated current transformer of 245 kV (a) enclosu...Figure 3.55 Three‐phase voltage transformer for voltages up to 145 kV (a) en...Figure 3.56 Single‐phase insulated voltage transformer for voltages of 245 k...Figure 3.57 Typical direct connection between a power transformer and GIS fo...Figure 3.58 Typical standard dimensions for a typical direct connection betw...Figure 3.59 Typical standard orientation of fixing holes (Simplified drawing...Figure 3.60 Fluid‐filled cable connection assembly – typical arrangement. (S...Figure 3.61 Fluid‐filled cable connection – typical assembly dimensions. (Si...Figure 3.62 Dry type cable connection assembly – typical arrangement. (Simpl...Figure 3.63 Dry type cable connection assembly – typical assembly dimensions...Figure 3.64 Cable termination three‐phase GIS enclosure 69 kV GIS, 1380kcmil...Figure 3.65 345kV Transmission Line transition to the 4000 A, 50 kA gas insu...Figure 3.66 345kV gas insulated Transmission Line (GIL) transition to the 40...Figure 3.67 Gas‐insulated surge arresters connected directly to the GIS bus...Figure 3.68 Three‐phase insulated passive bus ductFigure 3.69 Three‐phase insulated active bus ductFigure 3.70 Single‐phase insulated bus duct on the craneFigure 3.71 Single‐phase insulated passive bus ductFigure 3.72 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to overhead lines out...Figure 3.73 Single‐phase insulated bus duct to connect overhead lines with w...Figure 3.74 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to overhead lines wit...Figure 3.75 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to circuit breakers...Figure 3.76 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to transformersFigure 3.77 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to cablesFigure 3.78 Single‐phase insulated bus duct connection to cables with overvo...Figure 3.79 Single‐phase insulated bus duct to underpass overhead lines insi...Figure 3.80 Single‐phase insulated bus duct to underpass overhead lines outs...Figure 3.81 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installed at low st...Figure 3.82 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation at hig...Figure 3.83 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation with d...Figure 3.84 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation at con...Figure 3.85 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation at con...Figure 3.86 Single‐phase insulated bus duct above ground installation to cro...Figure 3.87 Single‐phase insulated bus duct laid in a trench inside a substa...Figure 3.88 Single‐phase insulated bus duct laid in a trench outside a subst...Figure 3.89 Single‐phase insulated bus duct laid in a trench crossing a high...Figure 3.90 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a horizont...Figure 3.91 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a horizont...Figure 3.92 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a horizont...Figure 3.93 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a tunnel a...Figure 3.94 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double system laid in a vertical...Figure 3.95 Single‐phase insulated bus duct single system directly buried wi...Figure 3.96 Single‐phase insulated bus duct two‐phase test loop directly bur...Figure 3.97 Single‐phase insulated bus duct single‐phase test section direct...Figure 3.98 Single‐phase insulated bus duct double‐phase system directly bur...Figure 3.99 An 18‐m bus section being unloaded at the siteFigure 3.100 Final assembly of a 550 kV field joint. Locating pins are used ...Figure 3.101 Example of typical GIS architectures with gas zones of single b...Figure 3.102 Example of GIS diameter and bay in a breaker‐and‐a‐half scheme...Figure 3.103 Example of arrangement of enclosures and gas compartments
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Gas density monitor mounted on the GIS enclosure. This type displ...Figure 4.2 Photos showing a variety of couplers used for PD detection in GIS...Figure 4.3 Indoor local control cabinetFigure 4.4 Outdoor local control cabinetFigure 4.5 Mimic diagramFigure 4.6 Local control cabinet, door open viewFigure 4.7 Local control cabinet, cable termination viewFigure 4.8 IEC 61850 relation to other IEC standardsFigure 4.9 Complex functions to be transferred in core pieces of logical nod...Figure 4.10 Logical nodes of a GIS bayFigure 4.11 Location of control and communication devices of GIS (Example 1)...Figure 4.12 Typical example of a communication network inside a GISFigure 4.13 Opening/closing command to intelligent switchgearFigure 4.14 Calculation of intelligent switchgear operating timesFigure 4.15 Measurement of the operating timeFigure 4.16 Timing of opening/closing command to intelligent switchgear [7]...Figure 4.17 Opening operation of an intelligent circuit breaker [7]Figure 4.18 Closing operation of an intelligent circuit breaker [7]
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Overview of dielectric tests for GIS [1, 6]Figure 5.2 Example of a dielectric type test of a GISFigure 5.3 Test setup for the temperature rise test: (left) thermocouples ar...Figure 5.4 Generator for short‐circuit testingFigure 5.5 SF₆ tightness testFigure 5.6 Low‐ and high‐temperature test in a climate chamberFigure 5.7 Pressure coordination of enclosures and pressure‐relief device [1...Figure 5.8 Leakage test as part of routine testingFigure 5.9 Pressure and tightness test of cast aluminum enclosuresFigure 5.10 Accumulation‐type test using plastic sheets or bagsFigure 5.11 Dimensional clearances during high‐voltage AC withstand tests...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Example site survey sketch (for illustration only)Figure 6.2 Conex boxFigure 6.3 Gas bus off‐loading and storage for large amounts of SF₆ Figure 6.4 GIS crates and bushings storage on siteFigure 6.5 Gas weight record and sketchFigure 6.6 SF₆ project gas inventoryFigure 6.7 Bolt head marked as torque checkedFigure 6.8 GIS assembly moved into place by mobile craneFigure 6.9 GIS breaker moved into place by building bridge craneFigure 6.10 GIS breaker slide into position on roller pads using come‐alongs...Figure 6.11 Gas cart for vacuum and filling GISFigure 6.12 Typical vacuum manifoldFigure 6.13 Vacuum rise testFigure 6.14 Gas zone processing tagsFigure 6.15 Example of tagged gas zone adjacent to the valveFigure 6.16 Assembly of GIS circuit breakersFigure 6.17 Assembly of the bus barFigure 6.18 Assembly of voltage transformersFigure 6.19 Cable termination to the GISFigure 6.20 GIS connection to the overhead lineFigure 6.21 Example of gas zone barrier insulator location (dark band)Figure 6.22 One example a GIS disconnect lockout methodFigure 6.23 One example a GIS disconnect lockout methodFigure 6.24 Flange gas leakage testFigure 6.25 Gas zone leakage detectorsFigure 6.26 SF₆ gas analyzerFigure 6.27 Circuit breaker stroke measurementFigure 6.28 Circuit breaker timing equipmentFigure 6.29 Resonance high‐voltage test equipmentFigure 6.30 Tool rack (above framed one line and gas zone drawings)
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 GIS circuit breakerFigure 7.2 Circuit breaker mechanism control cabinetFigure 7.3 GIS disconnect switchesFigure 7.4 GIS ganged disconnect switchFigure 7.5 Disconnect motor operator isolation switchFigure 7.6 Switch position indicator – semaphoreFigure 7.7 Switch position indicator – targetFigure 7.8 Switch position indicator – stopsFigure 7.9 GIS ground switchFigure 7.10 GIS fast acting ground switchFigure 7.11 GIS inductive voltage transformerFigure 7.12 GIS inductive current transformers in circuit breaker bushing tu...Figure 7.13 GIS viewports – AFigure 7.14 GIS viewports – B with coversFigure 7.15 Gas density monitor and fill valveFigure 7.16 GIS gas density monitorFigure 7.17 GIS gas fill valveFigure 7.18 GIS pressure reliefFigure 7.19 Local control cabinet – outdoorFigure 7.20 Local control cabinet – indoorFigure 7.21 Gas zone schematic exampleFigure 7.22 GIS leak detection using liquid snoopFigure 7.23 Leaky bushing repair (a) – cast bushing fitting (b) – enclosure ...Figure 7.24 Interface between two GIS of different sizes: old GIS (right), n...Figure 7.25 X‐ray radiography example of an existing GIS at the interface lo...Figure 7.26 Typical life cycle behavior of GIS equipmentFigure 7.27 Old GIS from the first‐generation design in the 1960sFigure 7.28 New‐generation design of todayFigure 7.29 Maximum protection from touching high‐voltage parts by grounded ...Figure 7.30 Latest design of compact design GIS with operation drives and ga...Figure 7.31 Extension of an existing GIS with one three‐phase bay of an indo...Figure 7.32 Extension of an existing GIS with one three‐phase bay of an outd...Figure 7.33 Old GIS beaker replacement: (left) before and (right) afterFigure 7.34 Replacement of old voltage transformers: (left) CCVT and (right)...Figure 7.35 Relationship between the rated maximum temperature (T), I ² R lo...Figure 7.36 Relationship between exponential heating and the overload, rated...Figure 7.37 Direct transformer connection photo 1 substation overview, photo...Figure 7.38 Project planningFigure 7.39 Electrical configuration before the faultFigure 7.40 Fault damage at the time of cable energizationFigure 7.41 Left photo: outer enclosure; right photo: arc damage at the cond...Figure 7.42 Tag line – correct bus rigging using tag lines and support perso...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Single bus arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.2 Double bus arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.3 Ring bus arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.4 Typical H‐scheme (H5) arrangement three‐phase insulatedFigure 8.5 Breaker and a half arrangement single‐phase insulatedFigure 8.6 Layout of the 500 kV GIS and control buildingFigure 8.7 Overview of the electrical layout 500 kV GIS/115 kV AISFigure 8.8 Physical arrangement of the 500 kV GISFigure 8.9 Electrical layout of the 115 kV breaker and half arrangement, sim...Figure 8.10 Physical layout of the 115 kV breaker and half arrangement subst...Figure 8.11 Gas zone scheme, simplifiedFigure 8.12 Typical gas filling pressure of the different GIS compartments...Figure 8.13 View into the GIS hall with breaker and half schemeFigure 8.14 View of the GIS lightweight, low‐cost design buildingFigure 8.15 Wall penetration by buses for connection to overhead lines by SFFigure 8.16 Wall penetrations and cable potheads with surge arresters on the...Figure 8.17 Connection of overhead line to the GIS through SF₆ gas‐to‐air bu...Figure 8.18 Local control cabinetsFigure 8.19 Bird’s eye view of the 345 kV GISFigure 8.20 View into the 345 kV GIS buildingFigure 8.21 Front view of the 345 kV GIS bays including cubicle of the circu...Figure 8.22 Local control cabinet (LCC) in a separate control room for the 3...Figure 8.23 Local control cabinet (LCC) internal for the 345 kV GISFigure 8.24 Electrical layout shown by the gas compartment schematic, simpli...Figure 8.25 Physical layout of the 69 kV GIS equipment, simplifiedFigure 8.26 Side views of three different bay arrangements, simplifiedFigure 8.27 View of the one‐bay 69 kV GIS, principle designFigure 8.28 Local control cabinetFigure 8.29 Substation building for GIS in a residential areaFigure 8.30 One‐line schematic showing the electrical ring bus switching sch...Figure 8.31 Old 115 kV substation before replacementFigure 8.32 The 115 kV GIS container installationFigure 8.33 View inside the container with the GIS on the left and the LCCs ...Figure 8.34 View of the 115 kV GIS container and the transformerFigure 8.35 View of the 115 kV GIS substation from the streetFigure 8.36 View of 115 kV outdoor GISFigure 8.37 Electrical single‐line scheme of the 345 kV indoor GISFigure 8.38 Top view of the GIS, transformer, and cable connection arrangeme...Figure 8.39 View into the GIS hallFigure 8.40 View at wall bushings on the steel supportFigure 8.41 View of the walkway and local control cabinets in front of the G...Figure 8.42 View from the rear side of the GIS with directly connected cable...Figure 8.43 Outside view of the GIS buildingFigure 8.44 The 115 kV indoor GIS layoutFigure 8.45 Masonry construction type building of the 115 kV GISFigure 8.46 Side view of three different baysFigure 8.47 View into the 115 kV GIS buildingFigure 8.48 View of the 115 kV GIS inside the buildingFigure 8.49 View of the medium voltage 25 kV GIS and 115/25 kV transformer b...Figure 8.50 Total view of the 115 kV/12 kV indoor GISFigure 8.51 Overview of the single‐line diagram of the 69 kV indoor GISFigure 8.52 Top view of the 69 kV indoor GIS assemblyFigure 8.53 Side view of the 69 kV indoor GIS assemblyFigure 8.54 Single bay GIS with vertical three‐phase circuit breaker enclosu...Figure 8.55 View of 69 kV indoor GIS assembly with vertical three‐phase insu...Figure 8.56 One‐line diagram of the 138 kV outdoor GISFigure 8.57 Electrical layout of the 230 kV outdoor GISFigure 8.58 Typical layout of 138/230 kV GIS to transformer connection with ...Figure 8.59 Side view of the substation with the 138 kV GISFigure 8.60 Electrical layout of the 500 kV single‐phase encapsulated GIS, s...Figure 8.61 Physical layout of the 500 kV indoor GISFigure 8.62 Graphical view of the extension of one manufacturer’s old‐genera...Figure 8.63 Photographs of the extension of one manufacturer’s old‐generatio...Figure 8.64 Graphical view of the extension of an old‐generation GIS with a ...Figure 8.65 Photographs of the extension of an old‐generation GIS with a new...Figure 8.66 Outgoing buses are shown below the building gradeFigure 8.67 One‐line diagram for two parts of the 69 kV GIS, simplified draw...Figure 8.68 Side elevation of the GIS with SF₆ gas‐to‐air bushing, simplifie...Figure 8.69 Plan view of the 69 kV GIS substation, simplified drawingFigure 8.70 Side elevation of the 69 kV GIS with underground cable interface...Figure 8.71 Side elevation of the 69 kV GIS bay with circuit breaker and und...Figure 8.72 Compact design of the 69 kV GISFigure 8.73 Underground substation for 69 kV below a city parkFigure 8.74 Electrical single‐line scheme of the 69 kV underground GISFigure 8.75 Top view of the 69 kV underground GISFigure 8.76 Side view of the cable bayFigure 8.77 Entrance to the underground substationFigure 8.78 Emergency exit of the underground substation in the parkFigure 8.79 Outside view of the lightweight GIS buildingFigure 8.80 Inside view of the 8 bays GIS during erection. Front sideFigure 8.81 Inside view of the 8 bays GIS during erection. Rear sideFigure 8.82 View to vertical circuit breaker enclosures with connected groun...Figure 8.83 View to outgoing three phase bus lines. Rear sideFigure 8.84 History of BergenFigure 8.85 Conclusion of the site evaluationFigure 8.86 Electrical layout of the substationFigure 8.87 Physical layout of the substationFigure 8.88 Camera system for disconnects and grounding switchesFigure 8.89 Gas density monitoring systemFigure 8.90 UHF partial discharge monitoring systemsFigure 8.91 Providing the foundationFigure 8.92 Erection of the GIS buildingFigure 8.93 GIS under constructionFigure 8.94 GIS installation completed (left) and walkway in GIS bays (right...Figure 8.95 Bergen switching station, 230 kV, 80 kA with gantry supportsFigure 8.96 Gas‐insulated bus section to connect the GIS in the building to ...Figure 8.97 Bergen switching station aerial viewFigure 8.98 Left: top view of city center, right: possible route of electric...Figure 8.99 Left: GIL laid in an open trench, Right: GIL laid under a concre...Figure 8.100 Left: GIL laid in a concrete tunnel, Right: GIL laid directly i...Figure 8.101 GIL laid in a squared tunnel of 2.4 m width and 2.6 m height...Figure 8.102 Overview Street House ConceptFigure 8.103 Upper: cross‐section Street House Concept, lower: detail concre...Figure 8.104 Left: Street House Concept with tall office towers, right: Stre...Figure 8.105 Cross‐section of Street House at junction point with parking se...Figure 8.106 Left: access roads and integration of building complex to stree...Figure 8.107 Safe electric power transmission lines using GIL below office b...Figure 8.108 Impression of street house complex with electric power transmis...Figure 8.109 City Junction North Line, black line: existing overhead line, o...Figure 8.110 Infrastructure at City Junction North LineFigure 8.111 Principal design of 245 kV XLPE power cableFigure 8.112 Principal design of 550 kV GIL laid in a tunnel [7, 8, 10]Figure 8.113 Example of 2 three‐phase circuits 550 kV in a tunnel with reser...Figure 8.114 Top view of City Junction North, solid lineFigure 8.115 Overview of routing obstacles along City Junction North LineFigure 8.116 Connecting point overhead line (OHL) to GIL in a tunnelFigure 8.117 Upper part: example of highway crossing tunnel between two shaf...Figure 8.118 Example of height deviation level between residential area and ...Figure 8.119 Example of narrow space between residential area and highway...Figure 8.120 Example of bridge above high junction street sectionFigure 8.121 Example of underground tunnel section at access road to highway...Figure 8.122 Example of large tunnel with four segments for 550 kV GIL and 2...Figure 8.123 Example of tunnel boring machineFigure 8.124 Principal laying process of GIL in a tunnel through access shaf...Figure 8.125 Upper part: example of ventilation of four GIL circuits in two ...Figure 8.126 Ventilation shaft to segmented tunnel and minimized visual impa...Figure 8.127 Ventilation and access shaft of GIL or cable tunnel integrated ...Figure 8.128 Assembly of GIL through tunnel shaft and pull into tunnelFigure 8.129 Lifting GIL segments to positions at tunnel steel structures...Figure 8.130 Containerized substation, 123 kVFigure 8.131 Containerized substation, 123 kV – extension is in extremely co...Figure 8.132 Single‐line substation layout of a 72.5 kV GIS mounted on a tru...Figure 8.133 Substation layout of a 72.5 kV GIS mounted on a truck trailer –...Figure 8.134 Mobile 420 kV GIS mounted on a truckFigure 8.135 Mobile 420 kV GIS connected in the substationFigure 8.136 Mobile high‐ and medium‐voltage substationFigure 8.137 Mobile high‐voltage GIS mounted on a truck trailer – electrical...Figure 8.138 Mobile high‐voltage GIS mounted on a truck trailer – T‐connecti...Figure 8.139 Mobile medium‐voltage GIS mounted on a truck trailer – cable co...Figure 8.140 Mobile high‐ and medium‐voltage GIS substation – multibay confi...Figure 8.141 Mobile 72.5 kV voltage GIS – 15 bays double bus bar configurati...Figure 8.142 Overview of a typical design of mixed technology switchgear (MT...Figure 8.143 Space requirement comparison of AIS, GIS, and MTS circuit break...Figure 8.144 MTS module 420/550 kV with CB/SW/CT combinationFigure 8.145 MTS 550 kV bay module with CB/SW/CT combination and vertical bu...Figure 8.146 MTS 145 kV double circuit breaker with circuit breaker, disconn...Figure 8.147 Compact substation – double outdoor cable bay of 145 kV, 31.5 k...Figure 8.148 Compact substation – double bay on the roof of a substation bui...Figure 8.149 Compact substation – single‐phase insulated bay of 230 kV, 50 k...Figure 8.150 Compact substation – three‐phase insulated outdoor bay of 132 k...Figure 8.151 Three‐phase insulated outdoor bay to connect a wind farm of 145...Figure 8.152 Single‐phase insulated outdoor bay used to sectionalize an air‐...Figure 8.153 Progress in size reduction, example of the 145 kV GISFigure 8.154 Construction of a Rogowski coilFigure 8.155 Principle of the Rogowski coilFigure 8.156 Application of a Rogowski coilFigure 8.157 Construction of a capacitive dividerFigure 8.158 Principle of a capacitive dividerFigure 8.159 Groundwater treatment, upper part: water level at underground b...Figure 8.160 High‐temperature fire of burning oil of transformerFigure 8.161 Separated ventilation for transformer and buildingFigure 8.162 Sprinkler system on the ceiling (left), water drainage system o...Figure 8.163 On the left photo, the fire protection control system is shown,...Figure 8.164 Fresh air outlet and dust cleaner, left: under the transformer,...Figure 8.165 Left: transformer‐encapsulated termination with XLPE at 110 kV,...Figure 8.166 Left: substation ventilation shaft from the basement of the bui...Figure 8.167 Reduced air exchange by using air conditioning, left: switchgea...Figure 8.168 Typical air conditioner system to compensate the heat released ...Figure 8.169 Heating exchanger from transformer oil to the building heater...Figure 8.170 Left: sound absorbing cover on the ceiling, right: sound absorb...Figure 8.171 Acoustic solutions for underground substation ventilationFigure 8.172 Use of surge arresters to protect from lightning strokes (left)...Figure 8.173 Substation control room next to the high‐voltage switchgear of ...Figure 8.174 Vicinity of people and public, left: at underground substations...Figure 8.175 Left: 145 kV and 3150 A high‐voltage GIS, right: 11 kV and 2000...Figure 8.176 Completely underground substation with a public park on the top...Figure 8.177 Semi‐underground substation in a sloop between street, public p...Figure 8.178 Underground substation with a public park on the topFigure 8.179 Substation building above ground in a city centerFigure 8.180 Substation in an exhibition area installed undergroundFigure 8.181 Substation under a park or green field in the city centerFigure 8.182 Substation under a square or plaza in the city centerFigure 8.183 Architectural solutions for substation in the city center, left...Figure 8.184 City center development, left: city view in 1980s, right: city ...Figure 8.185 City development with three new underground substationsFigure 8.186 Substation integrated at the convention centerFigure 8.187 Substation integrated in Financial District (left) and city cen...Figure 8.188 420 kV GIS substation for industrial aestheticsFigure 8.189 Example of a project execution schedule of an underground subst...Figure 8.190 Left 110/10 kV GIS Substation in the basement of a building com...Figure 8.191 Access shaft for 110/10 kV transformer 40 MVA at underground le...Figure 8.192 Access shaft for 110/10 kV transformer 40 MVA at underground le...Figure 8.193 330/132 kV Downtown Business District substation, left: locatio...Figure 8.194 330/132 kV Downtown Business District substation, left: four ba...Figure 8.195 Hydropower plant, left: Damn in a mountain valley, right: acces...Figure 8.196 Hydropower plant, left: Seven bays of 420 kV GIS, double busbar...Figure 8.197 Hydropower plant, dam overview in a remote mountainous area dif...Figure 8.198 Hydropower storage plant, left: connection to 245 kV power grid...Figure 8.199 Hydropower storage plant, left: entering the cavern through a t...Figure 8.200 Substation building at desert conditions 132/11 kV, left: subst...Figure 8.201 Residential area city substation 132/11 kV, left: overview of s...Figure 8.202 Three‐voltage‐level substation 1 of 11/66/220 kV, left: substat...Figure 8.203 Three‐voltage‐level substation 2 building of 11/66/220 kV inclu...Figure 8.204 Stadium substation left: stadium overview, with 110/10 kV GIS b...Figure 8.205 Prefabricated concrete slab under the grass floorFigure 8.206 Monument Park substation of 132 kV GIS, left: access to substat...Figure 8.207 City center transmission voltage substation 245 kV GIS, left: s...Figure 8.208 Schoolyard substation in a building basement, left: lifting sha...Figure 8.209 Schoolyard substation in a building basement, left: five 110 kV...Figure 8.210 Remote area substation with 362 kV GIS located in a mountain ca...Figure 8.211 Remote area substation, left: sketch of GIS in a cavern and a G...Figure 8.212 Futuristic harbor substation, left: multilevel substation build...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Life cycle stagesFigure 9.2 Graph showing the significant reduction in SF₆ mass since the 197...Figure 9.3 Life cycle conceptFigure 9.4 Example of LCA results for a GIS 420 kV GISFigure 9.5 GIS 420 kV environmental impact sourcesFigure 9.6 420 kV GIS with different diameters of the barFigure 9.7 SF₆ gas leakage detectorFigure 9.8 Comparative life cycle assessment between the former and the new ...Figure 9.9 Total owning cost stringFigure 9.10 Cost of AcquisitionFigure 9.11 Cost of OperationFigure 9.12 Cost of renewalFigure 9.13 AIS and GIS arrangements (Reproduced by permission of United Ill...Figure 9.14 Normalized cost comparisonFigure 9.15 Comparative life‐cycle cost comparison over the life of the asse...Figure 9.16 Reliability versus life‐cycle trade‐offFigure 9.17 Relative AC breakdown field strength of the SF₆–N₂ gas mixture...Figure 9.18 Voltage profile along a connected line to a GIS with the reflect...Figure 9.19 Oscillograph trace of the initial traveling wave portion of a VF...Figure 9.20 Typical overall VFT waveform, shown on a longer time scale. The ...Figure 9.21 Typical v–t characteristic for insulation breakdown. The dotted ...Figure 9.22 Photograph showing a portion of a flashover mark that occurred d...Figure 9.23 GIS termination modeled as a junction of three transmission line...Figure 9.24 As a result of the fast rise‐time (high‐frequency content) of th...Figure 9.25 Comprehensive life‐cycle management processFigure 9.26 Distribution of degree of importance assigned by users for failu...Figure 9.27 Total owning cost stringFigure 9.28 Examples of Natural and Human‐Caused Physical Threats, from top,...Figure 9.29 National hurricane center return predictions [4]Figure 9.30 Location of transmission substation attached by sniffer gunmen (...Figure 9.31 Elevated GIS substation conceptFigure 9.32 Asset protection basicsFigure 9.33 Threat characterization matrix for a critical transmission subst...Figure 9.34 GIS enhanced Tier 2 and Tier 3 securityFigure 9.35 Traditional AIS versus resiliency enhanced GISFigure 9.36 GIS substation, resiliency enhanced against both naturally and h...Figure 9.37 GIS substation, resiliency enhanced against both naturally and h...Figure 9.38 Electric circuit of a mobile GIS substationFigure 9.39 Mobile GIS trailerFigure 9.40 Next generation circuit breaker [6]Figure 9.41 History of vacuum interruptersFigure 9.42 Vacuum circuit breaker development steps 15 kV up to 245 kVFigure 9.43 Vacuum circuit breaker modeling left: MHD model parameters right...Figure 9.44 Modeling of the post‐arc current left: post‐arc recovery voltage...Figure 9.45 DSMC simulation of vapor expansion left: adsorption level of 300...Figure 9.46 Insufficient axial magnetic field profile at 28 kA with an unsta...Figure 9.47 Suitable axial magnetic field profile at 50 kA with a stable and...Figure 9.48 Travel curve adjustment to switching and dielectric gapFigure 9.49 X‐radiation emission of high‐voltage vacuum interruptersFigure 9.50 Vacuum switching at rated voltages up to 550 kVFigure 9.51 Vacuum interrupters Rated Voltage left: 170 kV/right: 245 kV and...Figure 9.52 GIS for 145 kV with vacuum circuit breaker and technical air ins...Figure 9.53 Principle measuring method of conventional and low power instrum...Figure 9.54 Principle measuring method of conventional and low power instrum...Figure 9.55 Principle measuring method of Rogowski CoilFigure 9.56 Principle measuring method of capacitive dividerFigure 9.57 Comparison of low voltage and conventional instrument transforme...Figure 9.58 LPIT integrated in a GIS bay and connected to digital protection...Figure 9.59 Size and weight reduction of GIS bay with low power instrument t...Figure 9.60 Overview of size reduction of three different GIS designsFigure 9.61 Footprint of a 13 bay 145 kV GIS substation with conventional CT...Figure 9.62 Footprint of a 13 bay 145 kV GIS substation with low power instr...Figure 9.63 Responsible standards: IEC 61869 for sensors and merging unit (l...Figure 9.64 Organization of the merging unit MUFigure 9.65 Overview the IEC 61869 series of standards, its scope and relati...Figure 9.66 Principles of digital twin approachFigure 9.67 Lidar scan of a possible GIS/GIL project siteFigure 9.68 Digital surface model (DSM) and digital terrain model (DTM)Figure 9.69 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Triangle Irregular Network (TIN)...Figure 9.70 Two electric three‐phase systems of GIL in a 3D project informat...Figure 9.71 Thermal calculation of two three‐phase electric systems of GIL d...Figure 9.72 GIL on‐site manufacturing facility with two working places to as...Figure 9.73 Real world and virtual word in a digital twin data base system...Figure 9.74 Integrated digital sensors and devices are connected to the Inte...Figure 9.75 Digital Twin Operation merging the real and virtual world – exam...Figure 9.76 Digital Twin Operation Cockpit – example overload situationFigure 9.77 Exemplary user interface of APPFigure 9.78 General Overview of APP – example digital equipment in Netherlan...Figure 9.79 Customer data, IoT device and Cloud service safeguarded by lates...Figure 9.80 Offshore windfarm and platform connections to onshore network, u...Figure 9.81 Left: Power to shore by AC/DC right: Power from shore by AC/DC...Figure 9.82 Left: Monopile type for AC collecting platform right: Jacket typ...Figure 9.83 Offshore windfarms planned at the east coast of the USA using 12...Figure 9.84 GIS modules for the offshore wind turbine of 12 MW left: front s...Figure 9.85 Modular GIS build in a steel frame for 12 MW wind turbinesFigure 9.86 Nissum Bredning wind farm close to the coast line of DenmarkFigure 9.87 Indoor conditions for the GIS in the basement of the wind tower ...Figure 9.88 Impression of Nissum Bredning wind farm close to the coast line ...Figure 9.89 GIS bay of clean air insulation and vacuum interrupter for 72.5 ...Figure 9.90 Typical circuits of GIS in offshore wind farms left: incoming an...Figure 9.91 Transportation process for GIS to be installed in offshore wind ...Figure 9.92 Installation of the transition piece including the GIS at the th...Figure 9.93 Packaging of GIS basic configuration, top: minimum protection us...Figure 9.94 Packaging system for sea transport in a container, upper photo: ...Figure 9.95 Packaging system for the collector cable installation, left: sea...Figure 9.96 Packaging system for the collector cable installation, left: thr...Figure 9.97 Dedicated repair and reseal kit for the cable‐collector installa...Figure 9.98 Overview of types for offshore windfarm connections, lower part:...Figure 9.99 Overview of AC/DC offshore converter platform using air‐insulate...Figure 9.100 Overview of AC/DC offshore converter platform using gas‐insulat...Figure 9.101 Milestones of the development of gas‐insulated DC systemsFigure 9.102 Type test set up for DC GIS of following functional units from ...Figure 9.103 Overview of the offshore windfarms with DC cable connection to ...Figure 9.104 Wind towers next to the AC/DC converter platform in the windfar...Figure 9.105 AC/DC converter platform for 700–1200 MW windfarms with long di...Figure 9.106 14 MW offshore direct drive wind turbine with 222‐meter rotor d...Figure 9.107 14 MW wind turbine rotor diameter (222 m) and swept area of win...Figure 9.108 HVDC GIS projectsFigure 9.109 Important effects for the insulation design of a HVDC GISFigure 9.110 Electric field distribution of a conical insulator shortly afte...Figure 9.111 Modules of HVDC gas‐insulated switchgear assemblies (source [30...Figure 9.112 Principal structure of a compact HVDC substation – converter po...Figure 9.113 Transition time for the insulator, depending on the location an...Figure 9.114 Examples of test arrangements for insulation system tests, comp...Figure 9.115 Example of an HVDC GIS prototype installation: ① VT: RC‐divider...Figure 9.116 Test set‐up of a prototype installation test [32, 43] (courtesy...Figure 9.117 Top and front view of converter and reactor room in offshore pl...Figure 9.118 Example of transition station layout with HVDC GIS for connecti...Figure 9.119 HVDC cable to cable transition in air‐insulated technology (HVD...Figure 9.120 Example of a cable‐cable transition station for two systems of ...Figure 9.121 Example of a cable‐cable transition station for two systems of ...Figure 9.122 Overview on the functionality of the digital Sensgear® GIS as p...Figure 9.123 Trends, challenges and opportunities of digital substationsFigure 9.124 Functional concept of a digital substationFigure 9.125 User‐Interface for the digital substations using APPsFigure 9.126 Type tests of sensors and connectivity devices for the digital ...Figure 9.127 Operational values of digitalized products: Performance increas...Figure 9.128 Maximum flexibility using basic and advanced functionality and ...

Подняться наверх