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Though the classification of OWCs has remained consistent, the classification of NWCs has changed frequently over time, and controversy continues regarding their classification. Carl Linnaeus placed the llama, alpaca, and Old World camels in a single genus, Camelus, in 1758. The scientific name for the dromedary camel is Camelus dromedarius (Figure 1.1) and that for the Bactrian camel is Camelus bactrianus (Figure 1.2). The more recently classified wild Bactrian camel of Mongolia is named C. bactrianus ferus (Figure 1.3) [3–6]. More recent taxonomic classifications place SACs into the genera Vicugna and Lama. The most widely accepted nomenclature for SACs is the following: alpacas are classified as Vicugna pacos, vicuñas are classified as Vicugna vicugna, llamas are classified as Lama glama, and guanacos are classified as Lama glama guanicoe . (Table 1.1) More detailed information on taxonomic history is found in earlier editions of this text.