Читать книгу Medicine and Surgery of Camelids - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Dromedary camel cow nursing her calf ().Figure 1.2 Bactrian camel.Figure 1.3 (a) Wild Bactrian camel from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. (b) Mul...Figure 1.4 Guanaco ().Figure 1.5 Geographic distribution of undomesticated SAC's [14, 15].Figure 1.6 Peruvian vicuña. Note the long bib hair on their ventral chest (...Figure 1.7 Argentine vicuña. Argentine vicuña's have short bib hair.Figure 1.8 Heavily fibered huacaya alpaca.Figure 1.9 Huacaya alpaca female.Figure 1.10 Suri alpaca.Figure 1.11 Wooly‐necked llama. In Peru these animals are called “ch'aku” in...Figure 1.12 Llama.Figure 1.13 Suggested evolution of recent artiodactylids.Figure 1.14 Skeletons of various prehistoric camelids removed from the La Br...Figure 1.15 Native distribution of camels in Africa and Asia.Figure 1.16 Historic and current distribution of SAC in South America.Figure 1.17 Dromedary camel as a riding camel for tourists.Figure 1.18 Dromedary camels as draft animals.Figure 1.19 Racing dromedary camels in the United Arab Emirates.Figure 1.20 Showing alpacas.Figure 1.21 Packing llamas on trek ().Figure 1.22 Llamas can be used as guard animals to protect smaller, more vul...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Illustration of the stance of a relaxed alpaca. (b) Illustrat...Figure 2.2 This handler is standing in a pen with an alpaca in a non‐threate...Figure 2.3 Handler is holding steadily as the llama pulls. This technique wi...Figure 2.4 Neutral Rope. There is no tension in the lead rope and the llama ...Figure 2.5 Drawing illustrating how the long neck of South American camelids...Figure 2.6 This photo shows a nicely packed pen. The animals have room to mo...Figure 2.7 Drawing illustrating a setup for corralling animals calmly into a...Figure 2.8 An ideal catch pen. This pen is 8 × 8 ft. square. If the area is ...Figure 2.9 “Mini” or “half” catch pen. If the animals are small or you don't...Figure 2.10 Schematic of the Camelidynamics handling facility. This system c...Figure 2.11 Llama contained in a chute. This chute has solid sides and a bar...Figure 2.12 Demonstration of catching an alpaca with a “midline catch.” The ...Figure 2.13 Demonstration of control of an alpaca with a “midline catch.” Th...Figure 2.14 Demonstration of head control with the “bracelet” technique. The...Figure 2.15 Demonstration of application of the handler helper to an alpaca ...Figure 2.16 Alpaca with the handler helper in place.Figure 2.17 Application of a neck wrap to an alpaca to help keep the animal ...Figure 2.18 Alpaca with neck wrap in place.Figure 2.19 A holster on the lower leg, can be useful when trimming feet to ...Figure 2.20 Preparing to pick up the left front foot. The handler is using h...Figure 2.21 The handler has now moved the left hand from the midline to the ...Figure 2.22 On the opposite side, the hands are switched so that the handler...Figure 2.23 The handler is managing the animal's balance using the right han...Figure 2.24 The handler uses the left hand on the back to ask the llama to s...Figure 2.25 The handler now moves the left hand off the back and uses it to ...Figure 2.26 Trimming the toenail is best done by trimming small pieces of th...Figure 2.27 Trimming nails inside a trailer is much easier with difficult an...Figure 2.28 Photo demonstrating trimming of an alpaca's toenails while it is...Figure 2.29 Illustration of proper location for giving a subcutaneous and in...Figure 2.30 Photo illustrating working in a packed pen. One handler is balan...Figure 2.31 The handler is giving an injection solo without restraint using ...Figure 2.32 This photo illustrates keeping the alpaca near and parallel to t...Figure 2.33 Injections can be given while multiple animals are contained in ...Figure 2.34 In this photo, a helper is balancing the animal for an IM inject...Figure 2.35 This photo illustrates using a handler helper, along with a bala...Figure 2.36 An intramuscular injection into the triceps muscle is done easil...Figure 2.37 This animal is held forward in the shoulder supports by virtue o...Figure 2.38 This is a brilliant technique from a handling perspective. It al...Figure 2.39 This photo illustrates performing a rectal ultrasound using bala...Figure 2.40 Llamas and alpacas often do not object to being touched even aro...Figure 2.41 An olive‐tip dosing syringe.Figure 2.42 (a) The handler is using the right arm with the elbow high up on...Figure 2.43 Using the halter to balance a llama's head to administer oral me...Figure 2.44 Working with the ears helps facilitate easier haltering as well ...Figure 2.45 Earring humanely requires that the ear be squeezed but never twi...Figure 2.46 The camelid skull clearly shows there is not much bone forward o...Figure 2.47 When the noseband is not on bone, it can easily compress the car...Figure 2.48 This halter fits properly; the nose band is adequately sized to ...Figure 2.49 This alpaca is wearing a halter that is too far forward on the n...Figure 2.50 This llama is wearing a halter that looks like it fits but, in f...Figure 2.51 This halter fits. You can see that there is slack in the nose ba...Figure 2.52 A handler helper is a great way to facilitate catching by people...Figure 2.53 Male llamas fighting.Figure 2.54 Male alpacas fighting.Figure 2.55 This photo demonstrates a respectful and safe interaction betwee...Figure 2.56 This photo demonstrates an appropriate interaction in the field....Figure 2.57 This camel was previously aggressive when fed. The author taught...Figure 2.58 By using a pouch to secure the food, a clicker and food reinforc...Figure 2.59 Children frequently interact inappropriately with young crias. W...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Average ambient maximum (A) and minimum (B) temperatures (°F) and...Figure 3.2 Average ambient maximum (A) and minimum (B) temperatures (°C) and...Figure 3.3 Fractionation of dietary crude protein into chemical components a...Figure 3.4 Alpacas grazing on bofedales. The distant slopes are used by llam...Figure 3.5 A diagram illustrating the change in plant composition with the s...Figure 3.6 Alfalfa root nodules containing colonies of nitrogen‐fixing bacte...Figure 3.7 Alfalfa root nodule containing colony of nitrogen‐fixing bacteria...Figure 3.8 Traditional pastoral management of alpacas in the Altiplano regio...Figure 3.9 Obtaining a core sample of hay for analysis of nutrient compositi...Figure 3.10 A thin llama, whose condition is obscured by the fiber coat.Figure 3.11 The vertebral column of the previous thin llama showing atrophy ...Figure 3.12 Mechanical scale that can be used for monitoring body weight.Figure 3.13 Body condition scoring chart.Figure 3.14 Obese female llama.Figure 3.15 Roll of fat on the flank/abdomen of an obese llama.Figure 3.16 Accumulation of retroperitoneal fat from necropsy of an obese ll...Figure 3.17 An alpaca cria with rickets, standing humpbacked and reluctant t...Figure 3.18 An alpaca cria with rickets, spending most of her time recumbent...Figure 3.19 Rachitic rosary at the costochondral junction in rickets. Typica...Figure 3.20 Camel calf with rickets.Figure 3.21 Radiograph of the carpus of a rachitic alpaca shows wide physis,...Figure 3.22 Radiograph of the fetlock of a camel calf with rickets. Note the...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Severely weakened alpacas commonly develop opisthotonos.Figure 4.2 There is a strong correlation between thoracic circumference meas...Figure 4.3 Key locations for evaluating body condition, in order of examinat...Figure 4.4 Auscultation of the heart is best accomplished by placing the ste...Figure 4.5 Diagram showing areas of thoracic auscultation in the llama (a) a...Figure 4.6 Sites for jugular venipuncture in a camelid. (A) High site, (B) M...Figure 4.7 Cross‐section of the cervical region of camelid (left) and true r...Figure 4.8 Anatomic dissection of the cervical region. The jugular vein and ...Figure 4.9 Valves in the jugular vein in the upper neck (arrow).Figure 4.10 Valves in the jugular vein low on the neck (arrows).Figure 4.11 Proximally, the confluence of the linguofacial, maxillary and ca...Figure 4.12 Anatomic dissection of the jugular vein in the cranial cervical ...Figure 4.13 An alpaca is being restrained for right jugular venipuncture. Th...Figure 4.14 Diagram illustrating location for cranial (high) jugular venipun...Figure 4.15 Position for venipuncture in a cria.Figure 4.16 Alternate position for venipuncture in a cria.Figure 4.17 Blood collection from the jugular vein of a camel.Figure 4.18 Lateral thoracic vein of a camel, an alternate site.Figure 4.19 Ear veins on a llama.Figure 4.20 Diagram of the abdominocentesis location. (A) Peritoneum, (B) re...Figure 4.21 Diagram showing location for paracostal abdominocentesis (red ci...Figure 4.22 Positioning for gastric intubation of a neonate llama.Figure 4.23 Small ruminant mouth speculum.Figure 4.24 Regurgitation accompanying gastric intubation of a llama.Figure 4.25 Diagrams of the female and male urethra. I. Schematic of the fem...Figure 4.26 Postmortem dissection of a female camelid's vestibule and vagina...Figure 4.27 Giving an enema to a juvenile with a tube and funnel.Figure 4.28 Giving an enema to a juvenile with a tube and syringe.Figure 4.29 Using a garden hose to give an enema to an adult, light flow of ...Figure 4.30 Hose to the anus but not inserted.Figure 4.31 Using a finger to open the anus.Figure 4.32 Holding the hose next to the anus to allow water to flow in and ...Figure 4.33 Schematic illustrating proper location for thoracocentesis, at t...Figure 4.34 Needle position for collecting a bone marrow sample from the ste...Figure 4.35 Tape can be used to retract the fiber to prepare the skin for st...Figure 4.36 Schematic illustrating the approximate location for obtaining a ...Figure 4.37 Insertion of needle for collection of liver biopsy.Figure 4.38 Liver biopsy sample collected with True‐cut needle.Figure 4.39 Needle inserted into the subarachnoid space of an alpaca. There ...Figure 4.40 Diagram of the atlantooccipital space for cerebrospinal fluid co...Figure 4.41 Diagram illustrating collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the ...Figure 4.42 Lumbosacral space, dorsal view.Figure 4.43 A spinal needle has just been placed at the lumbosacral space. I...Figure 4.44 Diagram illustrating needle placement for shoulder arthrocentesi...Figure 4.45 Diagram illustrating needle placement for elbow arthrocentesis....Figure 4.46 Diagram illustrating needle placement for stifle arthrocentesis....Figure 4.47 Arthrocentesis of the tibiotarsal joint as viewed from the crani...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 An adult llama with a left cranial cruciate ligament rupture and ...Figure 5.2 An adult alpaca right stifle. (a) Craniocaudal view: the R marker...Figure 5.3 An adult llama with severe degenerative joint disease. (a) Latera...Figure 5.4 An immature alpaca with septic arthritis. (a) Craniocaudal view: ...Figure 5.5 Normal carpus from an immature llama. (a and c) Dorsopalmar view....Figure 5.6 Normal left carpus from an immature llama. The left marker is on ...Figure 5.7 An immature llama with a sequestrum and osteomyelitis of the tibi...Figure 5.8 Shoulder luxation in a 6‐year‐old male alpaca. (a) Craniocaudal v...Figure 5.9 Right shoulder luxation in a llama. The lateral images were made ...Figure 5.10 Making shoulder radiographs. (a) Medial‐lateral radiograph of th...Figure 5.11 Making skull radiographs of an adult alpaca. With the exception ...Figure 5.12 Normal skull of an adult alpaca. A mouth gag (an unopened 60 mL ...Figure 5.13 An adult llama with right mandibular second mandibular (410) and...Figure 5.14 Normal skull from an adult llama illustrating the location and a...Figure 5.15 Adult llama with otitis media. (a) Oblique view highlighting a s...Figure 5.16 A transverse CT image of a llama with left otitis media. The nor...Figure 5.17 A craniocaudal view, centered on the right carpus, of an immatur...Figure 5.18 Lateral luxation of the right patella in an adult llama. (a) Cra...Figure 5.19 Immature alpaca with rickets (hypovitaminosis D). (a) Craniocaud...Figure 5.20 Normal alpaca foot. When making radiographs of the foot, it is i...Figure 5.21 Normal immature alpaca tarsus. (a and e) Plantarodorsal projecti...Figure 5.22 Caudocranial projections of a normal adult alpaca shoulder. (a a...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Lateral radiograph of the oropharyngeal region of a llama. The so...Figure 6.2 Lateral radiograph of the oropharyngeal region of a llama with th...Figure 6.3 Positioning a llama for endotracheal intubation following chemica...Figure 6.4 Positioning an alpaca for endotracheal intubation following chemi...Figure 6.5 Visualization of the larynx in an alpaca for endotracheal intubat...Figure 6.6 Long‐bladed laryngoscope used for endotracheal intubation of came...Figure 6.7 Diagram of a method of tracheal intubation. The laryngoscope blad...Figure 6.8 Diagram of a method of tracheal intubation. A plastic catheter is...Figure 6.9 Threading the endotracheal tube over the catheter.Figure 6.10 Inhalation anesthesia in an alpaca.Figure 6.11 Intubation of a camel. Photo A – camel in lateral recumbency fol...Figure 6.12 Recovery of a llama from inhalant anesthesia. Note the nasal pha...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Camelid lice. (a) Chewing louse (Bovicola breviceps); note the ro...Figure 7.2 Life cycle of a louse.Figure 7.3 Simple interpretation of the life cycle of a fly ( M. domestica, ...Figure 7.4 Third instar larvae. (X) Oestrus ovis, (Y) Cephenemyia spp., (A) ...Figure 7.5 (a) Third instar larva of Cephenemyia sp. (b) Posterior peritreme...Figure 7.6 Endoscopic view of a Cephenemyia larva in situ in the nasal passa...Figure 7.7 Life cycle of Cephenemyia spp.Figure 7.8 Lateral radiograph of the head of a llama with a Cephenemyia gran...Figure 7.9 Life cycle of Cephalopina titillator.Figure 7.10 Spinose ear tick nymphs.Figure 7.11 Gravid Sarcoptes scabiei.Figure 7.12 Life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei.Figure 7.13 Sarcoptic mange on the lips of an alpaca.Figure 7.14 Sarcoptic mange in the interdigital space of an alpaca. There is...Figure 7.15 Sarcoptic mange of the caudal abdomen and inguinal region in an ...Figure 7.16 Sarcoptic mange in the perineal region of an alpaca.Figure 7.17 Sarcoptic mange of the prepuce of an alpaca.Figure 7.18 Sarcoptic mange and secondary deep pyoderma and cellulitis affec...Figure 7.19 Male Psoroptes sp. mite. Note elongated capitulum (blue arrow), ...Figure 7.20 High‐power magnification (400×) of the segmented tarsal pedicel ...Figure 7.21 Gravid female Psoroptes sp. mite.Figure 7.22 Male Chorioptes bovis mite from a llama. Note the broad, shorten...Figure 7.23 Copulating adult male (left) and nymphal female Chorioptes bovisFigure 7.24 Chorioptic mange on the perineal area of a llama.Figure 7.25 Chorioptic mange on the ventrum of a llama.Figure 7.26 Encrustations typical of both psoroptic and chorioptic mange.Figure 7.27 Trypanasoma evansi in a camel.Figure 7.28 A camel ill with trypanosomiasis. Weakness, weight loss and incr...Figure 7.29 Life cycle of Eimeria spp.Figure 7.30 Life cycle of Sarcocystis spp.Figure 7.31 Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica.Figure 7.32 Life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus.Figure 7.33 (a) Lesion of E. granulosus in the lung of a camel. (b) Lesion o...Figure 7.34 Appearance of miscellaneous parasite ova on fecal flotation: (a)...Figure 7.35 Predilection sites of common parasites in camelids.Figure 7.36 Life cycle of Ostertagia ostertagi.Figure 7.37 Haemonchus contortus found at necropsy. Note the distinct “barbe...Figure 7.38 Life cycle of Trichostrongylus spp.Figure 7.39 Life cycle of Lamanema chavezi.Figure 7.40 Life cycle of Bunostomum spp.Figure 7.41 Life cycle of Trichuris tenuis.Figure 7.42 Whipworms in the colon of a llama. Ingesta surrounding parasites...Figure 7.43 Whipworms in the colon of a llama. Ingesta washed away.Figure 7.44 Appearance of common nematode ova on fecal flotation: (a). Nemat...Figure 7.45 McMaster's counting slide with two chambers.Figure 7.46 Example of FAMACHA scoring, this alpaca has a score of 5.Figure 7.47 Life cycle of Dictyocaulus filaria.Figure 7.48 Life cycle of Parelaphostrongylustenuis.Figure 7.49 (a) Yearling female alpaca affected by meningeal worm. Animal is...Figure 7.50 Alpaca with signs of intracranial migration of meningeal worm. N...Figure 7.51 (a) (H&E X10) Cross section of a llama's spinal cord with P. ten...Figure 7.52 Life cycle of Thelazia californiensis.Figure 7.53 T. californiensis in the conjunctival sac.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Lymphosarcoma of abdominal organs.Figure 8.2 Hyperthermic alpaca cooling herself in a pond.Figure 8.3 Bilateral scrotal edema caused by hyperthermia (a) compared to un...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Diagram of the skin. (A) Laceration extending into the dermis, (B...Figure 9.2 Handmade rope of llama fiber from Peru.Figure 9.3 Q'aras' type llamas at Machu Picchu in Peru.Figure 9.4 Chaku type llama. Photo courtesy of Donna Moore, Timberlane Llama...Figure 9.5 (a) Huacaya fiber showing crimp. (b) Huacaya in full fleece. Phot...Figure 9.6 (a) Suri fiber showing locks.(b) Suri in Full fleece. Photo c...Figure 9.7 Llama with lion cut. Photo courtesy of Barb Baker, Baker & Compan...Figure 9.8 Alpaca “slick‐shorn” Photo courtesy of Lindsay Warne, The Alpacas...Figure 9.9 (a) Biopsy of alpaca skin with low‐density follicles present with...Figure 9.10 (a) Metatarsal gland in a llama. (b) Metatarsal gland in an alpa...Figure 9.11 Metatarsal gland demonstrating excretions flaking off.Figure 9.12 (a) Interdigital gland in a llama foot. (b) Interdigital gland i...Figure 9.13 (a). Unknown lesion in mouth, probably due to irritation from fe...Figure 9.14 Chronic nonspecific dermatitis. The animal pictured in (b), (c),...Figure 9.15 (a) Dark nose and ear “dermatitis” in a black alpaca. (b) Dark n...Figure 9.16 Camelpox, acute, disseminated.Figure 9.17 Camelpox, acute, scrotum.Figure 9.18 Camelpox, acute, lung lesions.Figure 9.19 Camelpox, subacute.Figure 9.20 Camelpox, healing lesions.Figure 9.21 Camelpox experimentally produced in a guanaco.Figure 9.22 Individual pox lesion.Figure 9.23 Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a zoonotic disease.Figure 9.24 (a and b) Contagious ecthyma (orf) lesion in an alpaca.Figure 9.25 Diagrams for identification of Trichophyton verrucosum. (A) Fibe...Figure 9.26 Diagrams for identification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. (A) ...Figure 9.27 (a) Ringworm in a llama. (b) Ringworm in an alpaca.Figure 9.28 Life cycle of Coccidioides immitis . (A) Arthroconidia, (B) emer...Figure 9.29 (a) Dermal coccidioidomycosis. (b) Dermal coccidioidomycosis. (c...Figure 9.30 Culture of Coccidioides immitis grown from swab of submandibular...Figure 9.31 Large abscess on shoulder of an alpaca. Red triangle illustrates...Figure 9.32 (a) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscess on a camel's leg,...Figure 9.33 (a and b) Botryomycosis (Staphylococcus) in an alpaca.Figure 9.34 (a) Staphylococcus aureus dermatitis (severe) involving the enti...Figure 9.35 Acute facial zinc‐responsive dermatitis.Figure 9.36 (a) Follicular/sebaceous gland cyst. (b) Site of surgical remova...Figure 9.37 Typical follicular cyst.Figure 9.38 Follicular cyst after shearing ruptured the cyst.Figure 9.39 (a and b) Mild cases of munge in crias.Figure 9.40 (a) Moderately severe munge in a cria. Note the fissures and inf...Figure 9.41 (a) Severe case of munge in a yearling alpaca. (b) Same yearling...Figure 9.42 Acute nonspecific dermatitis.Figure 9.43 Nonspecific dermatitis, seen during reproductive exams in otherw...Figure 9.44 (a) Alpaca burn wound on footpad resulting from a forest fire. T...Figure 9.45 Photosensitization of the muzzle associated with fascioliasis.Figure 9.46 Photosensitization of the ears of a llama cria.Figure 9.47 (a and b) Ichthyosis in an adult alpaca.Figure 9.48 Bottom view of llama foot.Figure 9.49 Bottom view of adult alpaca foot.Figure 9.50 Diagram of SAC foot and pastern. (N) Toenail, (DC) digital cushi...Figure 9.51 Lateral radiograph of the foot, pastern, and fetlock of a llama....Figure 9.52 Normal llama foot, lateral view.Figure 9.53 Normal alpaca foot, lateral view.Figure 9.54 Normal llama foot, dorsal view.Figure 9.55 Normal alpaca foot, dorsal view.Figure 9.56 Digital cushion, lateral view.Figure 9.57 (a) Toenail of a camel. (b) Lamina of a toenail of a camel.Figure 9.58 Lamina of toenail of a llama.Figure 9.59 Bottom of a camel foot.Figure 9.60 Camel foot dorsal view.Figure 9.61 Elongated toenails on a llama.Figure 9.62 Elongated toenails on a llama.Figure 9.63 Elongated toenails on an alpaca in Peru. Extreme inward curling ...Figure 9.64 Elongated toenails, both curved outward.Figure 9.65 Elongated toenails, both curved inward.Figure 9.66 Saboten hoof‐trimming shears.Figure 9.67 ARS sheep hoof‐trimming shears.Figure 9.68 Equine hoof nippers.Figure 9.69 (a) Obstetrical wire is being used to trim an overgrown toenail ...Figure 9.70 Avulsed toenail of a llama. (a) Dorsal view, (b) Palmar view, (c...Figure 9.71 (a and b) Infectious pododermatitis.Figure 9.72 Interdigital dermatitis with abundant foot fiber.Figure 9.73 (a) Trauma to foot after degloving injury to leg and foot. (b) S...Figure 9.74 (a and b) Waxy accumulations and crusts of the interdigital tiss...Figure 9.75 Diagram of a camelid teat and collecting system. (A) Streak cana...Figure 9.76 Latex cast of mammary gland‐collecting system.Figure 9.77 Diagrams of the side view of teats: (A) Normal, (B) alternate or...Figure 9.78 Diagram of the ventral view of teats of a camelid: (A) normal co...Figure 9.79 Double teat in a llama.Figure 9.80 Diagrams of early embryologic development of the bovine mammary ...Figure 9.81 Acute mastitis and dermatitis caused by E. coli infection.Figure 9.82 Acute mastitis with abscessation.Figure 9.83 Necrotic mastitis caused by E. coli infection.Figure 9.84 (a) Pinnae of a llama, banana ears. (b) Pinnae of a llama, round...Figure 9.85 (a) Pinnae of alpaca ears – cria.(b) Pinnae of alpaca ears –...Figure 9.86 Diagram of the relationship of the pinna, external ear canal, ty...Figure 9.87 Dorsoventral radiograph of the skull with sclerosis of the tympa...Figure 9.88 Facial paralysis.Figure 9.89 Facial paralysis due to inner ear infection.Figure 9.90 Head tilt due to middle ear infection.Figure 9.91 Chronic facial paralysis.Figure 9.92 Diagrams of llama ear shapes. (A) Normal banana ear, (B) sharp‐p...Figure 9.93 Diagrams of alpaca ear shapes. (A) Normal spear‐shaped ears, (B)...Figure 9.94 (a) Gopher ear of a llama in Peru. (b) Gopher ear of a llama in ...Figure 9.95 Pinna defect, one short and one normal ear.Figure 9.96 (a) Pinna in a newborn alpaca, temporarily curled tips but norma...Figure 9.97 Frostbite ears.Figure 9.98 Deep, contaminated wound, distal to the hock involving multiple ...Figure 9.99 This male alpaca was attacked by a dog and sustained multiple wo...Figure 9.100 (a) Second‐intention wound healing of a left flank wound result...Figure 9.101 Alpaca with extensive head wound. (a) There is not enough surro...Figure 9.102 Llama with chemically induced keratitis secondary to chlorhexid...Figure 9.103 Llama with chronic wound over the carpus. Wounds on the distal ...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Diagrams of camelid skeletons. (a) Llama, (b) Alpaca, (c). Bactr...Figure 10.2 Diagrams of pastern angulation. (a) Appropriate angulation for a...Figure 10.3 Hyperextension of fetlock.Figure 10.4 Hind limb, lateral view. (a) Straight leg, (b) excessive angulat...Figure 10.5 Treatment of a radius fracture with a Thomas splint/cast combina...Figure 10.6 A transfixation pin cast is used to stabilize a metacarpal fract...Figure 10.7 Radiograph of a fracture of the dens of C2.Figure 10.8 Diagram of the use of wire to stabilize a rostral mandibular fra...Figure 10.9 Radiograph of a llama fetlock with fetlock angle measuring appro...Figure 10.10 Radiograph of llama with severe hyperextension of the fetlock. ...Figure 10.11 Medial to lateral projection of a luxated scapulohumeral joint ...Figure 10.12 Postoperative radiograph of an alpaca following open reduction ...Figure 10.13 Lateral radiograph of an alpaca six‐months following scapulohum...Figure 10.14 A lateral to medial projection of an alpaca with a ruptured cra...Figure 10.15 Bilateral medial patellar luxation in a llama neonate. Cria has...Figure 10.16 Imbricating sutures being placed alongside the patella and pate...Figure 10.17 Lateral radiograph of tibiotarsal luxation. Note that the tibio...Figure 10.18 A dorso‐plantar radiographic projection showing sequestrum in t...Figure 10.19 A juvenile llama cria with ligamentous laxity that could be str...Figure 10.20 A juvenile alpaca cria with flexural contracture in the hind li...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) Left nostril of a Dromedary camel showing narrowness of the ...Figure 11.2 Anesthetized alpaca in right lateral recumbency for passage of a...Figure 11.3 (a) Soft palate situated ventral to the epiglottis. (A) Larynx, ...Figure 11.4 (a) Skull illustrating the outlines of the maxillary (blue) and ...Figure 11.5 (a) A 12‐year‐old female alpaca presented for anorexia and abdom...Figure 11.6 Unremarkable thoracic radiograph (right lateral projection) of a...Figure 11.7 A three‐day‐old alpaca cria (male) with failure of transfer of m...Figure 11.8 (a) Standing lateral image of thorax of three‐year‐old female al...Figure 11.9 Cytospin preparation of lung lavage fluid from an alpaca with se...Figure 11.10 (a) Llama presented for swelling superficial to right mandible....

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Split philtrum in an alpaca. The split philtrum present in camel...Figure 12.2 Diagram illustrating fighting teeth of male camelids. (a) Latera...Figure 12.3 Permanent incisors of a vicuña and alpaca. (a) vicuña. Incisors ...Figure 12.4 Incisor teeth of a mature llama. The incisors are spatulate and ...Figure 12.5 Occlusal surface of mandibular incisors following trimming. Note...Figure 12.6 Overgrown incisors. The teeth protrude rostrally and do not cont...Figure 12.7 Rostral teeth of a male SAC. The maxillary and mandibular canine...Figure 12.8 Diagrams of the maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth of a SAC. T...Figure 12.9 Diagram of the teeth of a premature cria. Deciduous alpaca incis...Figure 12.10 Diagram of the teeth of a newborn llama. Deciduous incisors sho...Figure 12.11 Diagram of the teeth of a five‐month‐old llama.Figure 12.12 Diagram of the teeth of a one‐year‐old llama.Figure 12.13 Diagram of the teeth of a two‐year‐old llama.Figure 12.14 Diagram of the teeth of a two‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old llama.Figure 12.15 Diagram of the teeth of a three‐year‐old llama.Figure 12.16 Diagram of the teeth of a three‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old llama.Figure 12.17 Diagram of the teeth of a four‐ to six‐year‐old llama.Figure 12.18 Diagram of the teeth of a seven‐year‐old llama (left) and an 11...Figure 12.19 Cadaver alpaca specimen with a catheter inserted through the st...Figure 12.20 Diagram of the intestinal tract of a camelid (left) and that of...Figure 12.21 Relative volume of the gastric compartments of adult cattle, sh...Figure 12.22 Comparative origins of different regions of the monogastric sto...Figure 12.23 Stomach of a neonate llama. Similar to the rumen true ruminants...Figure 12.24 Diagram of the cross section of an alpaca abdomen taken at the ...Figure 12.25 Stomach of a llama as viewed from the right lateral aspect. The...Figure 12.26 Stomach of a llama. The left side of the image is cranial and t...Figure 12.27 Glandular saccules of C1.Figure 12.28 Mucosal surface of C2. Saccules along the majority of the surfa...Figure 12.29 C3: (A) mucinous glandular tissue lines the proximal (orad) 4/5...Figure 12.30 Serosal view of C3. The acid secreting portion is the terminal ...Figure 12.31 Camel stomach, C1.Figure 12.32 Camel stomach, C2.Figure 12.33 Camel stomach, C3.Figure 12.34 Homogeneous ingesta, characteristic of C1. The contents of the ...Figure 12.35 Camelids' esophageal groove has one lip and extends from C1 int...Figure 12.36 Intestines of a llama. (A) Ileum, (B) cecum, (C) proximal loop ...Figure 12.37 Diagram of the spiral colon of a llama. The centripetal loops a...Figure 12.38 Dung pile used by llamas for urination and defecation. SACs wil...Figure 12.39 Liver of a llama.Figure 12.40 Fimbriated caudal border of a SAC liver.Figure 12.41 Decision‐making algorithm for performing abdominal surgery in c...Figure 12.42 Abdominal distension in an alpaca. (a) Left Lateral view. (b) T...Figure 12.43 Pressing and abnormal position of a llama with colic.Figure 12.44 Depression and recumbency of a llama with colic.Figure 12.45 Fractured mandibular cheek tooth.Figure 12.46 Alpaca cria with superior brachygnathism. This congenital defec...Figure 12.47 Diagram for dental examination using Tridan nomenclature.Figure 12.48 A ventrolateral skin incision is made around a draining tract. ...Figure 12.49 The soft tissues are elevated from the mandibular bone to expos...Figure 12.50 The lateral alveolar bone plate has been removed with a pneumat...Figure 12.51 Curettage of the socket is performed following removal of the t...Figure 12.52 Overcrowding of mandibular incisors of an alpaca. The third inc...Figure 12.53 The front view of an alpaca. The rostral pressure on the first ...Figure 12.54 Strategic gaps are created between the incisors so that the cau...Figure 12.55 Second incisor is lateral to the first incisor without contact....Figure 12.56 The third incisor is growing horizontally and pushing rostrally...Figure 12.57 The same alpaca as in Figure 12.5. The length of the third inci...Figure 12.58 A bright light is used to illuminate the translucent pulp canal...Figure 12.59 Gaps are created in between the incisors allowing them to more ...Figure 12.60 (a) Incisors of an alpaca following corrective trimming. Note t...Figure 12.61 Lateral radiograph of dilated thoracic esophagus (arrows outlin...Figure 12.62 A necropsy photo of a llama with megaesophagus. (a). A dilated ...Figure 12.63 Mucosal ulceration of C1 in a llama.Figure 12.64 Mucosal ulceration of C2 in a llama.Figure 12.65 Linear mucosal ulceration of C3 in a llama.Figure 12.66 Serosal surface of C1 with gastric ulcers.Figure 12.67 Ulceration of C1.Figure 12.68 Abdominal contamination from perforating gastric ulcer in C3.Figure 12.69 Acute, fibrinous peritonitis caused by perforating gastric ulce...Figure 12.70 Diagram of spiral colon impaction in a llama.Figure 12.71 Gastroliths in the glandular saccules of C1 in a llama.Figure 12.72 Postmortem examination revealing jejunal torsion.Figure 12.73 Multiple trichophytobezoars removed from C1 of an alpaca cria. ...Figure 12.74 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a llama revealing gastroliths i...Figure 12.75 Transabdominal ultrasound image in an adult alpaca. Excessive a...Figure 12.76 Acute peritonitis, with fibrin tags.Figure 12.77 Chronic peritonitis, with fibrous bands that may incarcerate a ...Figure 12.78 Gross postmortem examination of a camel revealing hepatitis.Figure 12.79 Gross postmortem examination of a llama revealing hepatic necro...Figure 12.80 Gross postmortem examination of a llama revealing hepatic lipid...Figure 12.81 Position of the internal abdominal oblique muscle. (A) Tuber co...Figure 12.82 Lateral abdomen of a llama demonstrating the position of the tr...Figure 12.83 Preputial muscles of the llama.Figure 12.84 Cradle used to restrain llama in dorsal recumbency.Figure 12.85 Diagram of camelid cradle. (A) 30 cm, (B) 38 cm, (C) 125 cm.Figure 12.86 Diagram of the placement of an inverted cruciate suture for a v...Figure 12.87 Alpaca following repair of atresia ani.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Camelid liver with severe hepatic lipidosis. The yellow discolor...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Blood from a healthy alpaca. There are numerous elliptical RBCs,...Figure 14.2 Blood from a llama. There is a large granular lymphocyte in the ...Figure 14.3 Blood from an alpaca. Numerous Mycoplasma haemolamae organisms a...Figure 14.4 Blood from an alpaca that was markedly anemic and was treated wi...Figure 14.5 Blood from a llama with marked neutrophilic inflammation. These ...Figure 14.6 Blood from an alpaca. There are two neutrophils, one monocyte (a...Figure 14.7 Blood from an alpaca. There are two neutrophils and a monocyte (...Figure 14.8 Blood from an alpaca. There is a neutrophil, a small lymphocyte,...Figure 14.9 Blood from an alpaca. Though this is a thicker area than would b...Figure 14.10 Blood from a normal alpaca. Individual platelets are small with...Figure 14.11 Abdominal fluid from an alpaca with lymphoma. There are three n...Figure 14.12 Abdominal fluid from a four‐year‐old male alpaca with septic pe...Figure 14.13 CSF from a seven‐year‐old male castrated alpaca with neurologic...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Two‐dimensional ECG image from a one year old alpaca with an api...Figure 15.2 Tetralogy of Fallot in an alpaca cria. The pulmonary artery is a...Figure 15.3 (a) Angiographic images from a six month old alpaca cria with a ...Figure 15.4 Metastatic carcinoma in the myocardium of an alpaca. Fibrinous e...Figure 15.5 ECGs from a one‐month‐old alpaca cria. (a) Complete third‐degree...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Diagram of lateral view of male camelid genitalia. (A) Spinal co...Figure 16.2 (a) Sigmoid flexure of a llama penis. (b) Sigmoid flexure of a l...Figure 16.3 The tip of the llama penis has a slight clockwise curvature (B)....Figure 16.4 Diagram of preputial adhesions of the camelid. (A) Preputial adh...Figure 16.5 Inability to protrude penis, three‐month‐old alpaca.Figure 16.6 Preputial adhesions of a yearling llama.Figure 16.7 Adhesions of prepuce to the glans penis.Figure 16.8 Testosterone concentration in the male llama from birth to matur...Figure 16.9 Radiograph of male urethra containing contrast medium. Notice th...Figure 16.10 Male camelid genitalia. (A) prostate gland, (B) bulbourethral g...Figure 16.11 Measuring the length of a testicle.Figure 16.12 (a) Scrotum of an alpaca. (b) Scrotum of a camel.Figure 16.13 Young male llamas play fighting.Figure 16.14 (a) Alpaca male exhibiting flehmen. (b) Llama exhibiting flehme...Figure 16.15 Diagram of the vomeronasal organ in a camel. (A) Palate, (B) op...Figure 16.16 (a) Male llama attempting to force a female to sternal recumben...Figure 16.17 Proper breeding position in alpacas.Figure 16.18 Inexperienced llama male attempting to breed a female.Figure 16.19 Camels breeding.Figure 16.20 Open mouth stance (pouting) assumed by male llama after aggress...Figure 16.21 Normal llama perineum. The labia of the vulva lie in a slightly...Figure 16.22 Perineum of llama with abnormal, near horizontal relationship o...Figure 16.23 (a) Llama cervix showing the rings. (b) External cervical os.Figure 16.24 Female reproductive tract of a nulliparous alpaca.Figure 16.25 Diagram of camelid female reproductive tract. (A) Palpable leng...Figure 16.26 Uterus and adnexa of a multiparous llama. (A) ovary encased wit...Figure 16.27 Tip of uterine horn everted to expose oviduct papilla.Figure 16.28 Inactive llama ovary.Figure 16.29 (a) Llama ovary with an ovulatory follicle. (b) Llama ovary wit...Figure 16.30 Diagram of the endocrine relationships of the female reproducti...Figure 16.31 Ovarian follicle size in llamas (a) and alpacas (b) for a 50‐da...Figure 16.32 Diagram of the follicular wave cycle of an SAC female.Figure 16.33 Diagram of the hormonal relationships of a noninduced ovulatory...Figure 16.34 Diagram of the follicular wave of a camel. Dips indicate period...Figure 16.35 Luteinizing hormone response following copulation in a llama. O...Figure 16.36 Growth of the embryonic vesicles in two alpacas from the day of...Figure 16.37 Fetal weight (open circle), weight of the placenta (triangle), ...Figure 16.38 Llama placenta, in situ, approximately 60 days gestation.Figure 16.39 Surface of a llama chorion at four months gestation.Figure 16.40 Diagram of early camelid placenta. (A) Amnion, (B) allantois, (...Figure 16.41 Full‐term llama placenta, chorion outside.Figure 16.42 Scanning electron microscope picture of the endometrial face of...Figure 16.43 (a) Diagram of full‐term llama placenta: (D) site of amniochori...Figure 16.44 Epidermal membrane attached to the nostrils and lips.Figure 16.45 Epidermal membrane attached to pads and nails.Figure 16.46 Epidermal membrane over the pinna.Figure 16.47 Epidermal membrane over the eye and eyelids.Figure 16.48 (a) Hippomanes from llama allantoic cavity. (b) Hippomanes from...Figure 16.49 Estrone sulfate concentration in serum (open circle) and urine ...Figure 16.50 Alpaca ovary and oviducts. The ovarian bursa is indicated in th...Figure 16.51 Ultrasound images of pregnant llamas. (a) 17 days, (b) 20 days,...Figure 16.52 Parturition, protrusion of the amniotic sac.Figure 16.53 Delivery of the fetus.Figure 16.54 Normal llama delivery, cranial presentation, dorsosacral positi...Figure 16.55 Commonly crias will be delivered successfully with legs above t...Figure 16.56 A caudal presentation, dorsosacral position is another alternat...Figure 16.57 Truss (shoelace) pattern for retention of vaginal prolapse.Figure 16.58 Camelid dystocia, cranial presentation, dorsosacral position, w...Figure 16.59 Camelid dystocia, cranial presentation, dorsosacral position, o...Figure 16.60 Camelid dystocia, cranial presentation, dorsosacral position, h...Figure 16.61 Camelid dystocia, cranial presentation, dorsosacral position, h...Figure 16.62 Camelid dystocia, cranial presentation, dorsosacral position, b...Figure 16.63 Camelid dystocia, cranial presentation, dorsosacral position, h...Figure 16.64 Camelid dystocia, caudal presentation, dorsosacral position, hi...Figure 16.65 Camelid dystocia, cranial presentation, dorsopubic position, he...Figure 16.66 Camelid dystocia, transverse presentation, dorsoilial position,...Figure 16.67 Female llama pelvis, cranial view. (A) Sacrum, (B) ileum, (C) i...Figure 16.68 Female llama pelvis, caudal view. (A) Ischiatic spine, (B) sacr...Figure 16.69 Male llama pelvis, cranial view. (A) Ilium, (B) ischiatic spine...Figure 16.70 Male llama pelvis, caudal view. (A) Ilium, (B) sacrum, (C) isch...Figure 16.71 Diagram of the mechanical method of correcting a counterclockwi...Figure 16.72 A rectoscope and light source is pictured here. The rectoscope ...Figure 16.73 Ultrasound image of a mature follicle on an alpaca's ovary.Figure 16.74 Ultrasound image of a corpus luteum (yellow arrow) on an alpaca...Figure 16.75 Gross image of a corpus luteum (yellow arrow) on an alpaca ovar...Figure 16.76 Embryo transfer flush is being performed on this sedated alpaca...Figure 16.77 This alpaca ovary has multiple corpora lutea as a result of mul...Figure 16.78 Mucometra, ventral view, emphasizing vascular distribution.

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Longitudinal section of a camelid kidney.Figure 17.2 Diagram of the urinary tract of a male camelid. (A) Urethral rec...Figure 17.3 Penis of a llama, A: fibrocartilaginous process, B = urethral op...Figure 17.4 Ultrasonographic image (longitudinal) of a normal kidney.Figure 17.5 Ultrasonographic image of the normal spleen (A) and the normal l...Figure 17.6 Ultrasonographic image and necropsy finding in a two‐year‐old fe...Figure 17.7 Ultrasonographic image and necropsy finding in a one‐month‐old a...Figure 17.8 Hyperechogenicity at the cortico‐medullary junction (*) in a two...Figure 17.9 Hyperechogenicity at the cortico‐medullary junction (*) and pelv...Figure 17.10 Posthitis in a llama.Figure 17.11 (a) Nephroliths in a six‐month‐old alpaca. (b) Stone analysis r...Figure 17.12 Stance of a llama cria with urethral obstruction.Figure 17.13 (a) Ultrasound image of a distended bladder (12 × 10.7 cm) from...Figure 17.14 (a) Ultrasound image of a nephrolith in an 11‐year‐old male, in...Figure 17.15 Preputial abscess due to urethral rupture in an 11‐year‐old cas...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Diagram of a longitudinal section through the eye of a camelid. ...Figure 18.2 Normal eyelid and globe conformation of an alpaca. Due to latera...Figure 18.3 Camelids have long periocular vibrissae and cilia and the eyelid...Figure 18.4 The nasolacrimal outflow apparatus consists of ocular puncta (id...Figure 18.5 Lateral radiograph of a radiopaque cannula in the nasolacrimal d...Figure 18.6 The nasal punctum (arrow) is 2–3 mm in diameter and may be visua...Figure 18.7 Heterochromic normal iris of an alpaca with a variegated coat co...Figure 18.8 The ocular fundus of a llama. South American camelids do not hav...Figure 18.9 Alpaca with chronic severe anterior uveitis. Diffuse corneal ede...Figure 18.10 Thelazia spp. in the conjunctival sac and on the corneal surfac...Figure 18.11 Infected corneal ulcer in an alpaca with facial nerve paralysis...Figure 18.12 Young llama with chronic keratoconjunctivitis attributed to equ...Figure 18.13 Llama with congenital persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous/...Figure 18.14 Congenital nuclear cataract in a mature alpaca with apparently ...Figure 18.15 (a) Traumatic cataract in a llama. The iridal folds have avulse...

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Histopathologic section of a spinal cord containing inflammatory...Figure 19.2 Llama exhibiting crossed rear limbs and posterior ataxia seconda...Figure 19.3 Llama with head tilt and right‐sided facial paralysis typical of...Figure 19.4 Llama with tetanus. Animal has an inability to masticate and swa...

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Pregnant alpaca recently shorn.Figure 20.2 Llama with a barrel and hip cut.Figure 20.3 Newborn with epidermal membrane.Figure 20.4 Late‐term aborted fetus showing epidermal membrane and umbilicus...Figure 20.5 Rectal temperature in neonate alpacas for the first 24 hours fol...Figure 20.6 (a and b) Newborn crias with choanal atresia.Figure 20.7 Newborn with atresia ani. Note the lack of an anal opening.Figure 20.8 (a) Three‐day old cria with a normal vulvar opening. (b) Newborn...Figure 20.9 Normal newborn, minutes after birth.Figure 20.10 (a and b) Dam bonding with cria.Figure 20.11 Dam kissing cria.Figure 20.12 Normal meconium from a cria.Figure 20.13 (a) Simple bent ears in an alpaca cria at birth. (b) A simple b...Figure 20.14 Cria attempting to nurse under chest. Note flipped up tail of c...Figure 20.15 Cria in proper nursing position with “U” bend in neck.Figure 20.16 Dam smelling perineum of cria to confirm it is her.Figure 20.17 Cria properly latching onto teats to nurse with some assistance...Figure 20.18 Dam moving rear legs out behind to allow better access to nursi...Figure 20.19 (a) Newborn alpaca cria.(b) Newborn alpaca cria indicating ...Figure 20.20 Camel calf nursing.Figure 20.21 Normal meconium from a cria.Figure 20.22 Wax on teats.Figure 20.23 Newborn after colostrum put on lips.Figure 20.24 Depressed premature newborn alpaca cria.Figure 20.25 (a) Relaxed tendons and muscles in this newborn cria is causing...Figure 20.26 Floppy “dog ears” of a premature cria.Figure 20.27 Flipped out ears in a normal newborn cria.Figure 20.28 Eponychium (rubbery covering) on the toenail of a premature cri...Figure 20.29 (a) Dental eruption at the time of birth ‐ normal. (b) Prematur...Figure 20.30 Red rubber feeding tube. Sizes 18–24 Fr are suitable for orogas...Figure 20.31 Pritchard flutter valve nipple.Figure 20.32 Concentrations of IgG in crias at 48 hours when suckling of col...Figure 20.33 Diagram of the transfer of immunoglobulins through the mucosa o...Figure 20.34 Immunoglobulin concentrations in the alpaca cria from birth to ...Figure 20.35 Typical birth in Peru. Note fecal pellets in area.Figure 20.36 Longitudinal cut through the skin for IV catheter placement.Figure 20.37 Bottle position for feeding a bottle to a camelid cria.Figure 20.38 Diagram showing head position for orogastric intubation. (a) He...Figure 20.39 Diagram of the relationship of the bladder and vessels. (A) Umb...Figure 20.40 Camelid giving birth in Peru. Heavy environmental contamination...Figure 20.41 Injected conjunctiva of septic cria.Figure 20.42 Cria kept safely in bale enclosure.Figure 20.43 Cria with hypopyon. Hypopyon is a sign of septicemia.Figure 20.44 Diarrhea from a newborn cria.Figure 20.45 Feces from cria with diarrhea from Giardia. Giardia frequently ...Figure 20.46 (a) Superior conjunctival puncta. (b) Superior conjunctival pun...Figure 20.47 Carpal valgus in a llama cria in Peru.Figure 20.48 Jaw malalignment seen in a cria with Wry face. The mandible (a)...Figure 20.49 Newborn cria with a cleft palate.Figure 20.50 Absence of vulvar opening. These animals quickly develop a “bal...Figure 20.51 Two‐month‐old cria with a severely hypoplastic vulva. This cria...Figure 20.52 Radiographs of cria with Hemivertebra.Figure 20.53 Cria with one short ear.Figure 20.54 Cria born with blood on cornea. This condition self‐resolved.Figure 20.55 Cria with torticollis and arthrogryposis.Figure 20.56 (a and b) Adult llamas in Peru with bilateral gofer ears.Figure 20.57 Cria born alive with uneven legs and deformed feet.Figure 20.58 Cria born alive with severe wry face and choanal atresia.Figure 20.59 (a) This cria was born with a healed tibial fracture. (b) Radio...Figure 20.60 Wrinkles in cria skin.Figure 20.61 Proper restraint for IV blood draw and catheter placement (aler...Figure 20.62 When drawing blood for DNA sampling, place small spots of blood...Figure 20.63 Proper restraint for microchip placement.Figure 20.64 Social interaction among crias.

21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 An aged adult llama with a congenital defect of the left rear me...Figure 21.2 Llama cria with carpal valgus. Valgus is defined as an outward d...Figure 21.3 Carpal varus (inward deviation of the distal limb) of a llama is...Figure 21.4 Angular (valgus) deformity of fetlock.Figure 21.5 (a and b) Two examples of crooked legs on a newborn camel.Figure 21.6 Yearling cria presented for evaluation of congenital fusion of l...Figure 21.7 Cria born alive with multiple congenital contractures, bone rota...Figure 21.8 Camel with over extension of the carpus (calf knee).Figure 21.9 Bilateral medial patellar luxation in a llama neonate.Figure 21.10 Lesion involving traumatic luxation of C7 and T1. The cria was ...Figure 21.11 Dorsoventral radiograph view of cria with C1–C2 malformation.Figure 21.12 Lateral radiograph of hemivertebra of the first lumbar vertebra...Figure 21.13 (a) Dorsal view of a cria foot with polydactyly. (b) Ventral vi...Figure 21.14 (a) Aged female alpaca with three claws on each digit. (b) Radi...Figure 21.15 (a and b) Two examples of syndactyly.Figure 21.16 (a) Polydactylae in llama mother. (b) Polydactylae in a fetus f...Figure 21.17 Camelid spine from a camelid with scoliosis.Figure 21.18 (a) Scoliosis of thoracic vertebrae in a llama cria. (b) Scolio...Figure 21.19 Kyphosis in a mature alpaca.Figure 21.20 Lateral radiograph of tibiotarsal bone luxation.Figure 21.21 (a) Nasal stenosis in a young cria demonstrated by instillation...Figure 21.22 Flared nostril, open mouth breathing characteristic of choanal ...Figure 21.23 Cross section of the caudal aspect of the nasal passages demons...Figure 21.24 Craniofacial shortening in a llama cria.Figure 21.25 Another example of craniofacial shortening in a llama cria.Figure 21.26 Often multiple congenital deformities occur simultaneously in a...Figure 21.27 (a) Choanal atresia with deformed face. (b) Nostril agenesis.Figure 21.28 Cyclopia is evident in these alpaca crias. The dams in these cr...Figure 21.29 Diagram of normal jaw relationships.Figure 21.30 Diagram of jaw deformity, elongated mandible.Figure 21.31 Mandibular hypogenesis in an alpaca.Figure 21.32 Diagram of superior brachygnathism in a neonate, which may prev...Figure 21.33 Diagram of superior brachygnathism in an adult male llama.Figure 21.34 Maxillary prognathism in an alpaca.Figure 21.35 Retained deciduous incisors on labial side.Figure 21.36 Alpaca skull deformities. (a) Hydrocephalus, (b) cerebromeningo...Figure 21.37 Skull deformities in alpacas.Figure 21.38 Pathologic dissection of a llama neonate with a cleft palate.Figure 21.39 Nasal exudate containing feed particles, characteristic of clef...Figure 21.40 Uterus unicornis.Figure 21.41 Double cervix in a llama.Figure 21.42 Mucometria caused by segmental agenesis of the vagina.Figure 21.43 Ovarian dysgenesis, hypogenesis.Figure 21.44 Ovarian agenesis.Figure 21.45 Persistent embryonic tissue that may be confused with the ovary...Figure 21.46 Female pseudohermaphrodite. Note the enlarged clitoris with a c...Figure 21.47 Testicular hypogenesis (R), normal (L).Figure 21.48 Penile hypoplasia with incomplete/imperforate urethra on a one‐...Figure 21.49 Atresia ani in a llama.Figure 21.50 Congenital defect with colon emptying into the bladder.Figure 21.51 (a and b) Two examples of ventricular septal defect.Figure 21.52 (a) Transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery, closed. (A...Figure 21.53 Normal crossover of aorta and pulmonary artery in a llama neona...Figure 21.54 Curled toenails in a llama.Figure 21.55 Lateral radiograph of the hindlimb of a cria. Severely contract...Figure 21.56 Supernumerary teats.Figure 21.57 (a and b) Two examples of a wry face in a llama.Figure 21.58 Dwarf camel.Figure 21.59 A paco‐vicuna (alpaca × vicuna) (middle) produced by breeding a...Figure 21.60 Dromedary × Bactrian camel hybrid.Figure 21.61 Stillborn alpaca × camel, Israel.Figure 21.62 (a) Mother of Rama, a guanaco × camel, United Arab Emirates. (b...

22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 This alpaca presented after receiving too much selenium. Notice ...Figure 22.2 Black laurel, Mt. laurel (Leucothoe davisiae).Figure 22.3 Azalea (Rhododendron spp).Figure 22.4 Oleander, (Nerium oleander).Figure 22.5 (a) Veination of leaves that may be confused with oleander. (A) ...Figure 22.6 Yew (Taxus spp.).Figure 22.7 Corn lily (false hellebore) (Veratrum californicum).Figure 22.8 Cria born with a single, enlarged, centrally located eye from an...Figure 22.9 (a) Castor bean (Ricinus communis) plant. (b) Castor bean foliag...Figure 22.10 (a) Capparis tomentosa plant that is found in southeastern Afri...Figure 22.11 (a) Foxtail ( Hordeum jubatum ) plant. (b) Foxtail awn. (c) Sma...Figure 22.12 Yellow bristle grass ( Setaria lutescens ).Figure 22.13 (a) Llama that has been grazing in tarweed (Hemazonia kelloggii...Figure 22.14 This llama sustained a rattlesnake bite on its muzzle and devel...Figure 22.15 (a and b) Two examples of sloughing of the skin on the foot fol...

23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Dromedary camels.Figure 23.2 A Bactrian camel.Figure 23.3 A wild Bactrian camel.Figure 23.4 A piebald dromedary camel.Figure 23.5 Camel racing.Figure 23.6 Privately owned camels at a farm in Texas.Figure 23.7 Head of a relaxed camel, ears vertical and turned laterally.Figure 23.8 Diagrams of camel ear and head positions. (a) Usual ear position...Figure 23.9 Diagrams of the tail set of camels. (a) Normal position, (b) exc...Figure 23.10 Camels can open their mouths widely.Figure 23.11 Prominent canine teeth in the camel.Figure 23.12 Camel in equine stocks.Figure 23.13 Diagram of an equine stock, including measurements. (A) 76 cm (...Figure 23.14 Camel in California‐designed stock. There is too much room in w...Figure 23.15 Diagram of a modified California‐designed stock, including meas...Figure 23.16 Stock used for embryo transfer studies in Al Ain, United Arab E...Figure 23.17 Diagram of Fowler‐designed stock. (A) 1.2 m (48 in.), (B) 2.4 m...Figure 23.18 Fowler design, top view. (A) 2.4 m (96 in.), (B) 91 cm (36 in.)...Figure 23.19 Temporary stock using an aluminum gate to press the camel towar...Figure 23.20 Gates used for containment of camels for vaccination.Figure 23.21 The rope is brought up behind the pasterns or hind legs.Figure 23.22 The rope is placed beneath the pasterns and on the medial side ...Figure 23.23 The strap is placed around both front legs and over the top of ...Figure 23.24 Wooden nose plug.Figure 23.25 Nose plug in place.Figure 23.26 Camel wearing a horse halter.Figure 23.27 Bridle on a driving camel. The strap from the bit over the brid...Figure 23.28 Rope hobble on front legs.Figure 23.29 Camel recovering from anesthesia in a stall.Figure 23.30 Protruding dulaa.Figure 23.31 Hybrid female with shaved area due to dermatitis of the hump cl...