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Esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, duodenoscopy, and colonoscopy are routinely performed in veterinary medicine as minimally invasive techniques to attain biopsies of the gastrointestinal tract. Biopsies attained during these procedures are generally smaller than what can be achieved with an open procedure; however, the biopsies are often diagnostic, and the morbidity associated with these procedures is reduced over open procedures (Magne 1995; Moore 2003).

Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy are still relatively underutilized modalities, but successful procurement of kidney, bladder, liver, spleen, adrenal gland, pancreas, stomach, intestine, and lung biopsies have been described by the use of these procedures (Rawlings et al. 2002; Lansdowne et al. 2005; Vaden 2005; Barnes et al. 2006). Case selection is essential when considering these minimally invasive alternatives, as cases that have excessively large tumors or other potential contraindications should undergo an open procedure.

Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy may have a role in the staging of veterinary patients as the use of these techniques increases. In cases where lymph node evaluation and biopsy would assist in predicting outcome or determining treatment, these procedures could be performed by minimally invasive techniques (Fagotti et al. 2007; Steffey et al. 2015; Lim et al. 2017).