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A vascular closure device is an instrument used to close the hole in a blood vessel that remains after the removal of a vascular access sheath. The use of arteriotomy closure devices is well documented in human interventional cardiologic medicine; however, the use of these devices in veterinary medicine is uncommon (Meyerson et al. 2002; Koreny et al. 2004; Nikolsky et al. 2004). Historically, manual compression combined with bed rest was used to control bleeding at an arteriotomy site (Hoffer and Bloch 2003). Concerns over the high rates of bleeding at these high‐pressure sites spurred the development and use of devices that can be used to close vessels after a vascular IO procedure has been performed (Dauerman et al. 2007). Benefits seen with the use of closure devices have included decreased time to hemostasis and earlier ambulation (Meyerson et al. 2002; Tron et al. 2002; Hoffer and Bloch 2003; Dauerman et al. 2007). Closure devices are not universally used in human cases, however, and some studies have suggested similar or higher complication rates associated with the use of closure devices as compared to manual compression (Meyerson et al. 2002; Nikolsky et al. 2004; Dauerman et al. 2007).

Vascular closure devices can be divided into two categories: passive and active (Silber 1998; Meyerson et al. 2002; Tron et al. 2002; Dauerman et al. 2007). Passive closure devices assist or enhance manual compression and do not provide immediate (<5 min) hemostasis (Dauerman et al. 2007). Examples of passive closure devices (devices enhancing manual compression) include patches, wire‐stimulated track thrombosis, and pneumatic pressure devices (Nader et al. 2002; Applegate et al. 2007; Dauerman et al. 2007; Doyle et al. 2007; Jensen et al. 2008). Over the last decade, active closure devices have been used more commonly as compared to passive closure devices (Dauerman et al. 2007). Active closure devices include collagen‐based devices that may or may not have an anchor or suture included, suture alone devices, and staple/clip devices (Dauerman et al. 2007). Further development of active closure devices is being pursued, and it remains to be seen if these devices gain universal acceptance among those performing arteriotomy for IR procedures.