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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Flow diagram to understand and judge the level of smartness based on ...Figure 1.2 A brief on different approaches to smart charging techniques.Figure 1.3 A schematic to differentiate V2H/V2B and V2G.Figure 1.4 Communication between various entities in smart charging infrastructu...Figure 1.5 Schematic of centralized controller in smart charging architecture.Figure 1.6 Schematic of decentralized controller in smart charging architecture.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Traditional and new models of distribution grid.Figure 2.2 Global electric vehicles registrations.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Evolution of electric vehicles.Figure 3.2 Charger power based on battery capacity.Figure 3.3 Two- and three-wheeler charger power.Figure 3.4 Charging power for opportunity charging of electric car fleets.Figure 3.5 Charging power for opportunity charging of electric buses.Figure 3.6 Applicable of strategies to control charging at peak demand.Figure 3.7 First come, first served charging approach.Figure 3.8 Multiple possibilities of solar EV charging.Figure 3.9 Schematic for smart battery swapping.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Energy management and dynamic pricing algorithm [1].Figure 4.2 Charging service provider business framework [1].Figure 4.3 Framework for management of EV charging station [6].Figure 4.4 EV charging system framework based on price negotiation [2].Figure 4.5 Framework of proposed charging pricing strategy [5].Figure 4.6 Representation of multi-agent EV network model [17].Figure 4.7 EV network’s multi-agent control system under RL-AHC algorithm [17].

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Charging strategy for electric vehicles.Figure 5.2 Flowchart of demand prediction process.Figure 5.3 Flowchart of demand shifting process.Figure 5.4 Result of clustering algorithm.Figure 5.5 Flowchart of surrounding vehicle selection process.Figure 5.6 Load curve of office building.Figure 5.7 Power demand predicted by algorithms implemented.Figure 5.8 Power demand predicted by algorithms implemented.Figure 5.9 Standardized input data set.Figure 5.10 Result of data clustering algorithm.Figure 5.11 Power demand predicted by algorithms implemented.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Implementation of strategy of charging an EV battery with: (a) CC cur...Figure 6.2 Models of Li-ion battery with EV charger [18].Figure 6.3 Characteristics of single cell of Li-ion battery of LFP200AHA type [2...Figure 6.4 Model of battery set for ES comprising Li-ion cells.Figure 6.5 Model of battery set 800Ah/320V/256kWh comprising 400 Li-ion cells wi...Figure 6.6 Linear approximation of voltages of LFP200AHA Li-ion cell between 20%...Figure 6.7 Proposed CC strategy for EV battery charging.Figure 6.8 Computing model of DC/DC boost converter where energy storage feeds D...Figure 6.9 Waveforms in boost mode of DC/DC converter from Figure 6.8: (a) PWM c...Figure 6.10 Proposed solution of double function of drive VFC for EV battery cha...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Local 600V DC microgrid of industrial company to supply clean energy ...Figure 7.2 Scheme of fast EV charging station connected to 600V DC microgrid.Figure 7.3 Simulation model of PWM inverter with battery rectifier.Figure 7.4 Structure of drive VFCs with diode input rectifier (9) with input inv...Figure 7.5 Single-phase equivalent diagram for inverter illustrating rectifying ...Figure 7.6 Stages of integrating hybrid EV charging station.Figure 7.7 Solar energy production in 25kWp PV power plant.Figure 7.8 Charging battery with different voltage levels to receive constant ch...Figure 7.9 Laboratory stand with three-phase transformer connected to TN-S power...Figure 7.10 Information indicating on LCP panel of drive VFC while stabilizing R...Figure 7.11 Various values of DC voltage rectification to ensure constant value ...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Region wise global EV growth, 2010-2019 [1].Figure 8.2 Consumer’s concern for battery EVs [4].Figure 8.3 (a) Public and private accessible EV slow chargers by country, 2019 [...Figure 8.4 EVs announced models launched in past and projected growth worldwide ...Figure 8.5 Categories of EVs based on technology used [7, 8].Figure 8.6 Schematic representation of types of EVs [7, 8].Figure 8.7 Progress of types of smart charging.Figure 8.8 Major SAE Standards for EVs.Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of EVs’ physical infrastructure.Figure 8.10 Adoption of EVs by country [1-4].Figure 8.11 Smart charging providing flexible provisions to grid [8].Figure 8.12 Energy flow and participation of market for smart EV and charging st...Figure 8.13 Effects of smart charging from supply to demand [21].Figure 8.14 Forms of smart charging.Figure 8.15 Charger arrangement under Level 1 and Level 2.Figure 8.16 Charger configuration under Level 3.Figure 8.17 Security attack: vector from charging station to customers [8].Figure 8.18 Electric mobility international standards.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 System load profile of case study (a) daily and (b) seasonal.Figure 9.2 EVs load profile (a) daily, (b) seasonal.Figure 9.3 NIT Durgapur (NITD) topographical location.Figure 9.4 Availability of annual data for case study (a) solar data, (b) wind d...Figure 9.5 Flow chart for planning of EV-FCS with renewables using HOMER.Figure 9.6 Connection diagram of (a) base and (b) proposed system without EVFCS.Figure 9.7 Load profile on a day (Peak load 1,488.52 kW) without EV-FCS.Figure 9.8 Projected annual savings on utility bill by different options of prop...Figure 9.9 Monthly electrical bills of (a) base and (b) proposed system-1 withou...Figure 9.10 Production of power by sources (a) base and (b) proposed system-1 wi...Figure 9.11 Monthly utility bill saving with proposed system-1 and base system w...Figure 9.12 Cash flow for proposed system-1 without EV-FCS.Figure 9.13 Cumulative cash flow over project lifetime of base system and propos...Figure 9.14 Base system grid purchase, AC load, and DG power output without EVFC...Figure 9.15 Proposed system-1 grid purchase, AC load, and DG power output withou...Figure 9.16 Monthly performance summary of base system without EV-FCS.Figure 9.17 Monthly performance summary of system-1 without EVFCS.Figure 9.18 Connection diagram of (a) base and (b) proposed system without EVFCS...Figure 9.19 Load profile on a day (Peak load 1,515.19 kW) with EV-FCS.Figure 9.20 (a) Average daily and (b) monthly EV load served by DC fast chargers...Figure 9.21 Annual savings on utility bill by different options of proposed syst...Figure 9.22 Monthly electrical bills of (a) base system and (b) proposed system-...Figure 9.23 Production of power by sources (a) base and (b) proposed system-1EV ...Figure 9.24 Monthly utility bill saving with proposed system-1EV over base syste...Figure 9.25 Cash flow for proposed system-1EV with EV-FCS.Figure 9.26 Cumulative cash flow over project lifetime of base system and propos...Figure 9.27 Base system grid purchase, AC load, and DG power output with EV-FCS.Figure 9.28 Proposed system-1EV grid purchase, AC load and DG power output with ...Figure 9.29 Monthly performance summary of base system with EV-FCS.Figure 9.30 Monthly performance summary of system-1EV with EV-FCS.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 System model replicates the operation of CSs.Figure 10.2 Presence of CSs on road network and electrical network.Figure 10.3 Probability of availability of EVs on road.Figure 10.4 Typical day selected price by CSs for case 3.Figure 10.5 Profit of CSs in different cases.Figure 10.6 Impact of short-term index on profit.Figure 10.7 Profit with respect to EV density without power line limit.Figure 10.8 Profit with respect to EV density with power line limit.

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Proposed SMES based charging system for electric vehicles.Figure 11.2 Block diagram of proposed fuzzification based power controlling algo...Figure 11.3 Profiles of membership functions (1) presenting voltage (V) and (2) ...Figure 11.4 Location of smart charging stations where EVs are charged.Figure 11.5 Layout of proposed smart grid topology with electric vehicles.Figure 11.6 Complete procedural flowchart for proposed system.Figure 11.7 Voltage salability analysis comparison with and without SMES.Figure 11.8 Comparison of load angles under major faults.Figure 11.9 Voltage profiles of EV chargers under different SMES capacity parame...Figure 11.10 Voltage profiles of EV chargers when different EV fleets are chargi...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Reinforcement based framework for navigating system.Figure 12.2 Architecture of online learning algorithm.Figure 12.3 All possible routes between Delhi to Gurgaon, distance of 45km (Goog...Figure 12.4 Learning curve comparison between RL and GA.Figure 12.5 Performance of RL algorithm in all three cases for different objecti...Figure 12.6 SOC limit of all cases with covered distance.Figure 12.7 Error plot with number of days.Figure 12.8 Frequency distribution of error after 14 days.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Autonomous vehicle standards ensure safety.Figure 13.2 Application of autonomous vehicles.Figure 13.3 Smart charging management for autonomous vehicles.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Comparison of global conventional and renewable sources of energy pr...Figure 14.2 Renewable energy production of major countries [1] KTOE. (Source: Da...Figure 14.3 Components of VPP.Figure 14.4 Status of VPP in selected nations.Figure 14.5 Framework of FENIX project.Figure 14.6 Framework of EDISON project.Figure 14.7 Framework of SHD project.

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Historical CO₂ emissions from road transport of European Union [1].Figure 15.2 Quantitative analysis of literature on charging station placement.Figure 15.3 Flowchart for computing AENS [3].Figure 15.4 Flowchart for computing voltage deviation.Figure 15.5 Search Space.Figure 15.6 Flowchart for computation of VSF [3].Figure 15.7 Test system [12, 15].

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Status of FAME II scheme as per 2020.Figure 16.2 Evolution of Electric Vehicles.Figure 16.3 Comparison of two-wheeler production and sales.Figure 16.4 Charging stations allocated statewide under FAME II scheme.Figure 16.5 Statewide vehicle sales under FAME II scheme.Figure 16.6 Classification of WPT.Figure 16.7 Different types of electric vehicle charging methods.Figure 16.8 Basic operation of WPT.Figure 16.9 Compensation topologies: (a) series-series, (b) series-parallel, (c)...Figure 16.10 Projected BEV sales (millions) of both two- and four-wheelers by 20...Figure 16.11 Share of types of vehicles over indian automotive market.Figure 16.12 Annual two-wheeler sales, production, and export patterns in Indian...Figure 16.13 Growth pattern of vehicle sales in millions in global market.Figure 16.14 Installed base of electric cars in India.Figure 16.15 Availability of electric chargers countrywide around globe.

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Annual profile for irradiance with variation in ambient temperature.Figure 17.2 Survey of global horizontal irradiance for year.Figure 17.3 Equivalent circuit of two diode model of PV cell.Figure 17.4 PV and IV characteristics of two diode PV module with various solar ...Figure 17.5 Solar power plant site with capacity of 5MW generation at Prayagraj ...Figure 17.6 Schematic diagram of 5 MW solar power plant.Figure 17.7 Annual energy production per year.Figure 17.8 Monthly PV generation in AC to PV array energy in DC.