Читать книгу Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles - Группа авторов - Страница 22

Smart charging’s grid-side infrastructure consists of transmission lines, transformers, substations, connected loads, and the PSO. Uncoordinated charging is widely discussed for various negative impacts it superimposes on the utility grid, such as components (transmission lines, transformers) overloading, power loss, voltage and frequency instability, and increased peak demand [24, 31]. With an increase in load due to the charging of EVs, the utility grid’s existing components are overloaded, which increases the demand for generation and transmission. The lifespan of all the components is adversely affected. Increased demand for active power leads to an increase in power loss in the distribution system [23-25]. Further, the financial losses incurred due to the components’ damage are mostly not reported in the literature, however, the PSO suffers huge losses due to added investment capital.

Subsection 2.3 described the goals of smart charging. Each goal finds a way to reduce the negative impacts mentioned in the previous paragraph. Smart charging has added the functionality of power management and renewable energy integration. The scheduling of the charging and discharging of EVs over the whole day optimizes power exchange between EVs and the utility grid. Peak load demand is met by using EVs as an energy source. Further, renewable energy’s intermittency is curbed by using EVs as energy storage or for charging using renewables. Added benefits of smart charging are the regulation of voltage (by absorbing and supplying reactive power) and frequency (by the exchange of active power), peak shaving and valley filling, and improved utility grid stability [33-35].