Читать книгу Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles - Группа авторов - Страница 30

The requirements of the communication system are already established based on the description of the above entities. Robust management, control, and operation of smart charging infrastructure depends on an effective communication system. Wired and wireless are two types of communication technologies used in smart charging infrastructure based on the area’s demography. The application of wired and wireless communication technology is made in different types of networks, such as a local area network (LAN), home area network (HAN), building area network (BAN), industrial area network (IAN), office area network (OAN), wide area network (WAN), field area network (FAN), and any many more, based on the location and definitions of the deploying organization [10, 13, 49, 54, 55]. A layout of the communication system to exchange information between different entities of smart charging systems is shown in Figure 1.4. All the entities connected by dotted lines depict the communication channels. The channels can be wired or wireless based on the requirements of the communication link to be established [55].

Wired communication technologies, such as optical fiber cable, Ethernet cable, and power line communication (PLC), are suitable for long-distance data exchange. PLC has gained popularity over time. It uses the same power line to share information between connected entities and is more reliable and robust. HomePlug 1.0, HomePlug turbo, HomePlug AV, HD-PLC, and UPA are examples of charging protocols that use PLC [56, 57]. Optical fiber technology is also accessible due to the higher data rates offered.

Figure 1.4 Communication between various entities in smart charging infrastructure.

Moreover, a higher transmission range, less impact from electromagnetic interference, and increased reliability due to lower bit error rates are a few other perks to using optical fiber. Apart from PLC and optical fiber, a digital subscriber line (DSL) can also be used, especially in home setups for smart charging. DSL does not require any sperate communication line, but instead uses telephone lines for data exchange [58].

Wireless communication setups are preferred in areas where connected devices are mobile. For example, in charging stations, the incoming and outgoing of EVs are uncertain. Hence, infrastructure developers prefer to use wireless communication technologies. Zigbee, WiFi, cellular network, WiMAX, and satellite networks are popular wireless technologies. The network used the most is called wireless LAN, which is a hierarchical mesh structure for data exchange [54, 58, 59].

Note that more communication channels and entities can be added appropriately.