Читать книгу Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles - Группа авторов - Страница 27

The power transfer between source and connected loads involves three units of viz.: generation, transmission, and distribution. Smart charging influences all the three units, therefore, they are considered as entities of the system. The addition of EVs as a load to the grid demands more power at the node in which charging takes place. The increase in load is reflected in all segments and generation capacity must be increased to meet the demand. With an increase in the load, transmission line losses, transformers, and connected components increase. Further, deterioration of the distribution transformer’s life and the power quality on the distribution side is observed. Hence, the implementation of smart charging requires proper coordination with each unit of power system operators.

Literature reveals the positive impact of smart charging on generation, transmission, and distribution systems. The requirement of additional generation due to the addition of load is substantially reduced in bidirectional smart charging. However, the uncertain availability of EVs is a concern during peak load hours. In the transmission system, smart charging helps improve grid security by performing economic operations and time ahead planning to cater to the requirements by scheduling the charging and discharging of EVs. Improvement in the regulation of voltage, frequency, and load management on the distribution side is one of smart charging’s goals [6, 24, 31, 38]. If smart charging is implemented, the assertion of a positive impact on the operators becomes a reality.