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The Kimberlina site is located around the Kimberlina power plant in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California (Fig. 4.2). The San Joaquin Valley is the southern extension of the elongate Great Valley. Site characterization was performed for this region (Wagoner, 2009; Coblentz et al., 2014). The area has operational oil fields, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and saline aquifers. The target reservoir is a saline sandstone formation, the Vedder formation, located at a depth of approximately 2,100 m. The Vedder formation is a dipping formation with a thickness of approximately 400 m at the proposed injection location. The overlying low‐permeable Temblor‐Freeman shale provides the caprock. The three major faults at the Kimberlina site are the Greeley Fault, Pond‐Poso Creek Fault, and New Hope Fault. The proposed injection well is located between the Greeley Fault and Pond‐Poso Creek Fault.

We build a 1D velocity model for this site based on geological layers and previous seismic refraction survey in this area (Walter & Mooney, 1987; Birkholzer et al., 2011). Layers with thickness less than 200 m are merged with their neighboring layers to create a simple model. Figure 4.3 shows the layered P‐wave velocity model. The S‐wave velocity model is similar to the P‐wave velocity model with a V _P/V _S = 1.73.

Figure 4.2 The location of the Kimberlina CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, and storage) pilot site. Major faults are shown as blue lines. The red star is the location of the injection well.