Читать книгу High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks - Группа авторов - Страница 26

Developments of inexpensive heterogeneous catalysts to replace conventional homogeneous catalysts for extensive applications are currently investigated by many research studies. Inorganic materials such as silica (SiO₂), alumina (Al₂O₃), zirconia (ZrO₂), titania (TiO₂), magnesium oxide (MgO), zeolite, and clays have received much attention for their use in catalysis [1]. Carbon‐based catalysts are among the promising heterogeneous catalysts used in a wide range of applications, which can be derived from both inorganic and organic resources. These materials have high stability in several reaction media and highly versatile chemical and physical properties. A great number of attempts have been made to synthesize carbon‐based materials from various raw biomasses and biomass‐derived compounds such as agricultural products and residues, sugar derivatives, and non‐lignocellulosic materials [2, 3]. The bio‐based carbon materials have been applied as a catalyst or as catalyst support in processes involving biorefinery, hydrogenation, bio‐oil upgrading, and biomass conversions into chemicals, to name a few [4–9]. Benefits of these catalysts include their high stability and simple preparation from a low‐cost carbon source. Carbon‐based catalysts can be formed in diverse physical structures and their chemical properties can be easily tailored by modification and functionalization processes. The bio‐based carbon materials synthesized from biomass mostly present amorphous structures and several chemical functional groups depending on parameters such as the composition of the biomass resource, biomass conversion process and conditions, and modification technique. The effects of these parameters on the bio‐based carbon properties are reviewed in this chapter for their utilization in catalysis. This chapter also provides an overview of catalysis applications of the carbon‐based materials exclusively originated from biomass resources, especially the most commonly used bio‐based carbon materials that show superior performance in Figure 2.1.