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According to the functionality of the Starbon materials, particularly (but not exclusively) the lower temperature materials should have a significant number of –OH functionalities as well as several alkene and similar sites. Such materials clearly have the potential for functionalisation too, although less work has been published in utilising these functional groups as anchor points for groups (e.g. epoxides which could be further elaborated). Sreedhar’s approach is likely to bind the amines to the surface via aldehydes and other active groups on the surface, reactions that should be readily achieved under mild conditions [22]. Two other articles indicate the potential for further functionalisation of the Starbon surface, the results of which will be discussed in more detail in the catalysis section. The first approach, from Matharu et al. [23], utilises the surface hydroxyls of the uncarbonised material and of a Starbon‐350 material to attach a complex ligand to the Starbon surface via succinimidyl carbonate functionalisation. This approach resulted in significant loadings (a degree of substitution of 0.33 was achieved for the uncarbonised material), representing an approximately 10% functionalisation of the total hydroxyl population (and therefore significantly more in terms of accessible surface groups).

In an alternative approach, Carneiro et al. [24] used the unsaturation present in a Starbon‐700 to first brominate and then displace the bromine atoms to build a bis‐oxazolidine structure onto the surface. The lability of the bromines suggests that alkene functionality is common on such materials, as the alternative bromination of (electron‐rich) aromatics, which are also present, might occur even under the very mild conditions used, but this would lead to less active sites for functionalisation. A 10% drop in the C content of the brominated material suggests a substantial amount of bromination took place, and loadings of the catalyst (0.5 wt% Cu) are significant.