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3.2.3.1.2 Sulphonated Starbon in Dehydrations

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Millán et al. [26] have demonstrated the use of Starbon‐450‐SO3H in the dehydration of xylose to furfural in biphasic conditions. They found that, in a single aqueous phase, conversion of xylose was readily achieved, but furfural was further degraded, meaning selectivity and yield of furfural was low (38% yield and 65% selectivity at best). The addition of cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as a water‐immiscible co‐solvent was found to aid the reaction considerably by rapidly removing furfural from the aqueous solution, leading to optimal performance of 96% conversion and 72.5% selectivity after one hour at 200 °C (Figure 3.6). Interestingly, given the rather challenging conditions, reusability (measured at 175 °C for 18 hours) was excellent, with no change in performance over 3 runs.

High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks

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