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GA optimization has for four major phases and requires a fitness function for optimization. The four steps are summarized as follows (Figure 2.2):

Figure 2.2 Phases in genetic algorithm.

Figure 2.3 GA initialization process.

1 Initialization: population of chromosomes are initialized

2 Selection: reproduce chromosomes

3 Crossover: produce next generation of chromosomes

4 Mutation: random mutation of chromosomes in new generation