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1.6 IoT

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Due to cheap and high speed internet connection, the internet is growing very rapidly with various internet devices, and these internet devices are connected with the help of IoT (Internet of Things). IoT includes some physical devices with internet connection to provide smart or intelligence applications in real world. Such types of physical devices are capable to analyze, process, and store the sensor data. These devices are some types of embedded machines which can be controlled from around the world using some processing elements and software.

“Internet of Things” is a combination of various software and hardware that support connectivity among the globe. IoT devices can sense the situation, processed data, and interact with others. It becomes a great and prominent technology which reduces the irregularities present in the real world. As it provided many solutions using advanced technology like radiofrequency identification (RFID) [20], QR codes, biometrics, sensor networks, and nanotechnologies will be the main pillar of the upcoming IoT, which helps in communication, embedding, real problem addressing like smart grid computing, e-health, manage e-transportation, etc. IoT maintains the required privacy during communication within the devices. In a simple way, we can say that IoT is everything that is around us and we can sense, connect, and communicate on the internet, e.g., smart rooms with fully equipped with sensors and embedded systems [20]. Table 1.2 gives various works in RFID field time to time.

Table 1.2 Time line of investigation in RFID.

Year Summary of the research Reference
2008 Discussed decomposable RFID devices for healthcare [21]
2010 Discussed various protocols to increase energy savings at the reader by decreasing collisions between tag responses [22]
2011 Discussed RFID inventory technique called automatic power stepping (APS) based on tag response and variable slot sizes [23]
2012 Discussed energy-efficient probabilistic estimation techniques to minimize the energy disbursed by active devices [24]
2013 Discussed a cost-effective RFID devices with printing facilities in order to attain ecofriendly tag antennas [25]
2014 Discussed Reservation Aloha for No Overhearing (RANO) for effective communication intervals to removing problem in active RFID [26]
2017 Discussed RFID size reduction of non-decomposable substantial in their industrial [27]

In IoT, all devices having their own unique IP address and sensors are the brains of this. These sensors can be microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) which respond results in the form of weight, temperature, time, sound, light, humidity, motion, pressure, etc., and take further action which is decided through programming [28]. The Internet is everything which is connected to all living thing and nonliving thing to exchange the information. Nonliving things like any machines or objects could be received and send information to each other, without human intervention.

Green Internet of Things and Machine Learning

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