Читать книгу Biodiesel Production - Группа авторов - Страница 27
1.10 Conclusion
ОглавлениеCurrently, the uses of BD as an eco‐friendly alternative to petrodiesel are gaining much recognition. The production of BD from nonconventional oils may simultaneously reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels and help alleviate the food versus fuel dilemma that plagues rapeseed, soybean, palm, and other oilseed crops that are also traditional oil sources. As a result of development of local BD industry and market, opportunities would be raised for the farmers to grow new oilseed crops and increase production of traditional and nonconventional oils, generating profit and income for all the stakeholders. Moreover, the establishment of local BD industry not only will generate opportunities for employment and personnel training but also might help reduce the dependence on imported petroleum and fuel derived from it, which continues to decrease in availability and affordability. More research and advancements in BD technology coupled with large‐scale cultivation of oilseed crops, especially the nontraditional crops, additional subsidies, and the relevant technological sector, may lead to further reduction of the cost of this renewable fuel. Furthermore, there is a real need to appraise the environmental benefits of producing BD and to consider such attributes while determining the cost incurred in the production of such green fuels.
Table 1.3 Biodiesel specifications according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.
| Property | ASTM D 6751 | EN 14214 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test method | Limits | Test method | Limits | |
| Density (15 °C) | — | — | EN ISO 3675 | 860–900 kg m−3 |
| Kinematic viscosity (40 °C) | ASTM D 445 | 1.9–6.0 mm2 s−1 | EN ISO 3104 | 3.5–5.0 mm2 s−1 |
| Flash point | ASTM D 93 | 130 °C, min | EN ISO 3679 | 120 °C, min |
| Cloud point | ASTM 2500 | Not specified | — | — |
| Sulfur content | ASTM 5453 | 0.05% (w/w), max | EN ISO 20864 | 10.0 mg kg−1, max |
| Carbon residue | ASTM D 4530 | 0.050% (w/w), max | EN ISO 10370 | 0.30% (molmol−1) |
| Cetane number | ASTM D 613 | 47, min | EN ISO 5165 | 51, min |
| Sulfated ash | ASTM 874 | 0.020% (w/w), max | ISO 3987 | 0.02% (molmol−1) |
| Distillation temperature | ASTM D 1160 | 360 °C, max | — | — |
| Copper strip corrosion (3 h, 50 °C) | ASTM D 130 | No. 3, max | EN ISO 2160 | 1 (degree of corrosion) |
| Acid number or acid value | ASTM 664 | 0.50 mg KOH g−1, max | EN 14104 | 0.50 mg KOH g−1, max |
| Iodine value | — | — | EN 14111 | 120 gI2·100 g−1, max |
| P content | ASTM D 4951 | 0.001% (w/w), max | EN 14107 | 10.0 mg kg−1, max |
| Water content | ASTM D 2709 | 0.050% (v/v), max | EN ISO 12937 | 500 mg kg−1, max |
| Oxidative stability | — | — | EN 14112 | 6 h, min |
| Methanol content | — | — | EN 14110 | 0.20% (molmol−1) |
| Free glycerine | ASTM D 6584 | 0.020% (w/w), max | EN 14105 | 0.020% (molmol−1), max |
| Total glycerine | ASTM D 6584 | 0.240% (w/w), max | EN 14105 | 0.25% (molmol−1), max |
| Ester content | — | — | EN 14103 | 96.5% (molmol−1) |
