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There are many diseases that can lead to the development of acute abdomen, with associated major body system abnormalities and patient instability. Table 3.1 lists many of the common causes organized by primary organ or body system, with diseases requiring, or that may require, surgical intervention designated by an asterisk [2].

Historical information collected at the time of presentation can be useful in narrowing down the list of differential diagnoses. Information including presenting complaint, when the patient was last normal, progression of clinical signs, systemic manifestations of disease, current medications, and past medical history should be collected. Additional specific information regarding known trauma, known ingestion of foreign material, and exposure to toxins, toxicants or medications can direct the early clinical diagnostic and treatment choices.