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Rigid Endoscope Technique

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Forceps retrieval may also be performed using a rigid endoscope [2]. The leading edge of a rigid endoscope acts to lift the esophageal wall away from the foreign body helping to disengage sharp protrusions from the esophageal mucosa. A neuromuscular blocking agent such as atracurium (0.3 mg/kg slow IV) may help to relax the striated esophageal musculature, facilitating retrieval, although it must only be used where an appropriate facility for mechanical ventilation, monitoring, and potential agent reversal is available. Sharp protrusions must first have been manipulated into the opening of the esophagoscope, such that the esophageal wall is protected from puncture as the esophagoscope and the foreign body are withdrawn as one unit. The disadvantage of the rigid endoscope lies in the increased difficulty of advancing it down the esophagus in addition to the poorer image quality delivered in comparison with fiber‐optic instruments.

Small Animal Surgical Emergencies

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