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For some patients, the use of an iodinated contrast material (Omnipaque™) in conjunction with radiography or fluoroscopy can provide preoperative or intraoperative information about the location of an obstruction, as well as the presence of extravasation of contrast material in cases of urinary tract trauma or surgical complications (Figures 2.15 and 2.16). The instruments necessary to perform a contrast study are listed in Box 2.9.

Figure 2.6 Instrumentation available to perform a ureterotomy in a cat. (a) Balfour retractor, 8‐0 nylon suture, microsurgical forceps, microsurgical needle holders, microsurgical scissors. (b) Vessel loops in thoracic surgery are often used to retract a vessel or structure during dissection or mobilization.

Figure 2.7 Weck‐Cel^® cellulose eye spears are used to absorb and wick fluid away from a surgical site without damaging delicate tissues and are ideal for use in ureteral surgery.

Figure 2.8 Silicone vessel loops retracting a ureter containing a ureterolith.

Figure 2.9 Silicone vessel loops retracting a ureter.

Figure 2.10 Operating microscope set‐up prior to patient placement between two sandbag positioners.