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A sternotomy approach is performed when exploration of the left and right pleural space is warranted. It is the most common approach for a patient presenting with a pneumothorax. Additional instruments to those listed in Box 2.12, which are necessary for a sternotomy approach and closure, are listed in Box 2.13. Different types of sternal wire exist in a variety of sizes. One example is stainless steel wires with swaged on needles (Myo Wire II, A&E Medical).

Figure 2.11 (a) Perineal urethrostomy set‐up prior to positioning of patient. Note that the table is angled at approximately 20–30 degrees. (b) Lateral and (c) caudal view of cat being positioned for a perineal urethrostomy.