Читать книгу Interventional Cardiology - Группа авторов - Страница 2
Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
5 Foreword
6 Preface
9 PART I: Principles and Techniques SECTION I: Basic Knowledge CHAPTER 1: Atherogenesis and Inflammation Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Progression of atherosclerotic plaque The vulnerable plaque Macrophage infiltration Cholesterol crystal (CCs) Neovascularization Neoatherosclerosis Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) Lipid rich plaques Serum markers correlated to plaque inflammation Markers of inflammation Biomechanical stress as a trigger for plaque progression and rupture Future challenges in the treatment of vulnerable plaques Conclusions References CHAPTER 2: The Essentials of Femoral Vascular Access and Closure Femoral access Ultrasound guided femoral access Femoral access closure Conclusions References CHAPTER 3: Radial Artery, Alternative Arm Access, and Related Techniques Introduction Rationale and evidence for transradial access Pre‐procedural considerations Access technique and navigating common problems Complications and management Future directions Conclusions References CHAPTER 4: Optimal Angiographic Views for Coronary Angioplasty Catheter selection Coronary intubation Diagnostic angiography Lesion‐specific approach Ventriculography Transplanted Heart References CHAPTER 5: Material Selection Guide catheter selection Support Guidewire selection Balloon catheters Microcatheters Conclusions References CHAPTER 6: Statistical Essentials in the Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials The fundamentals Trial design: the fundamentals Additional topics in clinical design and analysis Conclusions References SECTION II: Imaging and Physiology CHAPTER 7: Physiologic Assessment and Guidance in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Why to use physiology Practical considerations of pressure wire measurement Hyperemic agents Pressure wire assessment after PCI Catheter laboratory conditions for pressure wire assessment Performing an optimal pressure wire pullback Practical tips and tricks of performing the iFR Pullback Co‐Registration of iFR‐Pullback with Angiographic Data Commonly missed mistakes in Physiological Assessment Pressure‐only indices to guide coronary intervention The instantaneous wave‐free ratio (iFR) and other non‐hyperemic pressure ratios (NHPRs) Choosing between NHPR and FFR: when is one better than the other? Physiology after PCI Using Physiology to Guide PCI Strategy The Microcirculation References CHAPTER 8: Intravascular Ultrasound Principles of IVUS imaging Equipment for IVUS examination Imaging artifacts Image acquisition and presentation Normal artery morphology Quantitative analysis Qualitative analysis Comparison of IVUS and angiography Guidance for stent implantation Conclusions References CHAPTER 9: Optical Coherence Tomography, Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy, and Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Molecular Imaging Optical coherence tomography Catheter preparation, calibration, image acquisition and fluoroscopic co‐localization Normal coronary vessel anatomy Guidance of percutaneous coronary intervention Near‐infrared spectroscopy Near‐infrared fluorescence molecular imaging References CHAPTER 10: Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) Imaging for Coronary and Structural Heart Disease Coronary MSCT angiography—technique Trials and current guidelines Cardiovascular magnetic resonance Conclusions References SECTION III: Revascularization in Different Clinical Settings CHAPTER 11: Stable Coronary Artery Disease Guidelines on the management of stable angina Indications for coronary angiography Percutaneous coronary intervention for stable angina Comparison of percutaneous and surgical revascularization Recommendations for revascularization in stable angina Conclusions References CHAPTER 12: PCI Strategies in Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST Segment Elevation (NSTE‐ACS) Emergency department diagnosis and risk stratification Early invasive versus ischemia‐guided strategy Revascularization for NSTE‐ACS Adjunctive pharmacologic treatment Conclusions References CHAPTER 13: Primary and Rescue PCI in STEMI Introduction Timing of intervention in STEMI Procedure technique Pharmacological management Conclusion References CHAPTER 14: The Management of Cardiogenic Shock and Hemodynamic Support Devices and Techniques Introduction Definition of Shock Epidemiology Management of cardiogenic shock Conclusions References SECTION IV: PCI in Different Lesion Types CHAPTER 15: PCI for Unprotected Left Main Disease: Current Evidences and Plenty of Questions Introduction PCI for unprotected left main disease in practice: beyond the rule “as simple as possible” Take home messages References CHAPTER 16: Bifurcation Lesion Stenting Coronary bifurcation anatomy and function Classification of bifurcation stenting techniques Stepwise provisional side branch stenting strategy Two‐stent techniques Left main stenting Final remarks References CHAPTER 17: Risk Stratification Approach to Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease Introduction Risk scores in MVCD Surgical risk scores Complex PCI Role of medical therapy Conclusion References CHAPTER 18: Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion Introduction Morphology of the occlusion Indication for treatment Basic rules of engagement Guide wire selection and handling Advanced antegrade recanalization techniques Antegrade dissection and reentry Retrograde approach Algortihmic approach for intervention of chronic total occlusions Balloon dilatation Stent placement Intravascular ultrasound in CTOs When to stop a procedure Complications References CHAPTER 19: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Arterial and Vein Grafts Introduction Scope of the problem Secondary revascularization after CABG surgery: PCI or repeat surgery? PCI for acute post‐operative graft failure PCI in degenerated saphenous vein grafts Conclusions References CHAPTER 20: Interventional Approach in Small Vessel, Diffuse, and Tortuous Coronary Artery Disease Introduction Small vessel disease Diffuse vessel disease Tortuous vessel disease References CHAPTER 21: In‐Stent Restenosis in the New Generation DES Era Definition Incidence Clinical presentation Pathophysiologic mechanisms Morphologic pattern of DES restenosis Predictors of DES restenosis Role of coronary imaging Approach to DES restenosis References CHAPTER 22: High Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Introduction Defining high‐risk PCI Pathophysiological rationale for mechanical support in HR‐PCI An integrated approach to high‐risk PCI Conclusion References SECTION V: Special Techniques and Complications CHAPTER 23: Laser, Rotational, Orbital Coronary Atherectomy, and Coronary Intravascular Lithoplasty Background Rotational atherectomy Excimer laser coronary atherectomy Orbital atherectomy Coronary intravascular lithoplasty Conclusions References CHAPTER 24: Thrombus‐containing Lesions Introduction How to deal with thrombus‐containing lesions Conclusions References CHAPTER 25: Specialized Balloons in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Introduction Cutting and scoring balloons Coronary bifurcation sidebranch access Clearway catheter for intracoronary drug delivery Flash Ostial dual balloon angioplasty catheter Drug‐eluting balloons Conclusions References CHAPTER 26: Coronary Artery Dissections, Perforations, and the No‐Reflow Phenomenon Introduction Coronary artery dissection Coronary artery perforation Classification Devices and materials for CAP The no‐reflow phenomenon Management of distal embolization. Intracoronary infusions Conclusions References CHAPTER 27: Vascular Access Site Complications Introduction Common femoral artery related complications Femoral artery access techniques to prevent vascular complications Vascular closure devices for femoral access Vascular closure devices in procedures using large bore sheaths Complications associated with vascular closure devices Radial artery related complications References CHAPTER 28: Renal Insufficiency and the Impact of Contrast Agents Contrast‐associated acute kidney injury Conclusion References CHAPTER 29: Radiation Management in Interventional Cardiology Measurements of radiation Radiobiology Patient radiation management Staff radiation safety Specific radiation safety considerations Pediatric patients Training and education Conclusions References CHAPTER 30: Concepts of Cell Therapy and Myocardial Regeneration References SECTION VI: Clinical Trials in Coronary Heart Disease CHAPTER 31: Durable Polymer Everolimus Eluting Stents Stent platform properties of DP‐EES Polymer biocompatibility of DP‐EES Drug: Everolimus Xience CoCr DP‐EES: clinical trials Promus PtCr DP‐EES: clinical trials References CHAPTER 32: Bioresorbable‐polymer Everolimus‐eluting Stents Introduction Biocompatibility: surface characteristics and resistance to corrosion Longitudinal stent deformation and the role of stent architecture Drugs Synergy EES Clinical trials Special groups All comer trials Meta‐analysis Future perspectives Evermine 50TM Clinical trials Conclusions References CHAPTER 33: Zotarolimus‐Eluting Stents Technical features Clinical findings Conclusions References CHAPTER 34: The Biolimus Stent Family Biolimus The Biosensor stent family The Nobori stent References CHAPTER 35: The Biotronik Stent Family Cobalt chromium platform Passive coating PRO‐Kinetic Energy Orsiro Absorbable metal scaffolds PK Papyrus stent References CHAPTER 36: Novel Drug‐Eluting Stent Systems Metallic platforms Antiproliferative agents Polymer coatings and alternative drug release technologies Future perspectives Conclusions References CHAPTER 37: Cardiac Vein Anatomy and Transcoronary Sinus Catheter Interventions in Myocardial Ischemia Aims of transcoronary sinus interventions Anatomy of cardiac veins Pathophysiologic background of transcoronary sinus interventions How to access jeopardized myocardium Current transcoronary sinus catheter interventions in myocardial jeopardy PICSO Conclusions and future directions References
10 PART II: Interventional Pharmacology CHAPTER 38: Basics of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Role of platelets and coagulation factors in thrombus formation Overview of antiplatelet agents for atherosclerotic diseases Phosphodiesterase inhibitors PAR‐1 antagonists Other novel antiplatelet agents Overview of anticoagulant agents for atherosclerotic diseases Thrombin inhibitors Factor Xa inhibitors Other anticoagulants under clinical development Conclusions Disclosures References CHAPTER 39: Oral Antiplatelet Agents in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Introduction Platelet activation: pathophysiology and pharmacotherapeutic targets Oral antiplatelet agents: pharmacology Oral antiplatelet therapy and PCI Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy Bleeding risk score and antiplatelet therapy Other considerations Clinical guidelines: oral antiplatelet therapy in PCI Conclusion References CHAPTER 40: Parenteral Anticoagulant Agents in PCI Heparin Low molecular weight heparin Direct thrombin inhibitors Factor Xa inhibitors References CHAPTER 41: Vasoactive and Antiarrhythmic Drugs During PCI Introduction Vasodilators during percutaneous coronary intervention Antiarrhythmic drugs in percutaneous coronary intervention Peri‐procedural sedation Which drugs should be held before percutaneous coronary intervention Vasopressors and inotropes during PCI Conclusions References CHAPTER 42: Triple Antiplatelet Therapy and Combinations with Oral Anticoagulants after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Introduction Platelet activation and the pathophysiology of arterial thrombosis Mechanisms of antithrombotic pharmacotherapy Triple antiplatelet therapy (TAPT) following PCI Antiplatelet combinations with oral anticoagulants (OACs) following PCI vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) Non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) Achieving improved outcomes following PCI: a role for a third agent? Triple antithrombotic therapy following PCI with prior indications for OAC Non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) Clinical guidelines: DAPT in combination with OAC in AF Unanswered questions and future perspectives Conclusion References CHAPTER 43: Balance of Ischemia and Bleeding in Selecting Intensity and Duration of Antithrombotic Regimens Introduction Definitions of common ischemic and bleeding endpoints Prognostic impact of ischemic or bleeding events Risk assessment tools for ischemic and bleeding events Antithrombotic strategies to reduce ischemic and bleeding complications Conclusions References CHAPTER 44: Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Introduction Lipid management Blood pressure medications: Lifestyle management Diabetes management Future therapies Conclusions References CHAPTER 45: Peri‐procedural Platelet Function Testing in Risk Stratification and Clinical Decision Making Initial evidence for HPR to ADP as a risk factor HPR cut‐off values defined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis Randomized trials of platelet function testing Platelet function testing: bleeding saving focus Relation between low on‐treatment platelet reactivity and bleeding: the therapeutic window concept HPR in patients with STEMI during prasugrel and ticagrelor therapy Conclusions Disclosures References CHAPTER 46: Monitoring and Reversal of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Agents Antiplatelet agents P2Y12 receptor blockers Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors Anticoagulants Indirect thrombin inhibitors Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) Pentasaccharides: Fondaparinux Direct thrombin inhibitors: bivalirudin, argatroban, dabigatran Vitamin K dependent oral anticoagulants Non‐vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) Idarucizumab Andexanet Alfa Disclosures References
11 PART III: Hypertension and Structural Heart Disease SECTION I: Systemic and Pulmonary Hypertension CHAPTER 47: Right Heart Catheterization and Pulmonary Hemodynamics Balloon‐tipped pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) Patient preparation, venous access, and technique Pulmonary hemodynamics Pharmacologic drug testing Cardiac tamponade Constrictive pericarditis Permanent PA–pressure monitoring References CHAPTER 48: Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism Risk stratification and patient selection Therapies for acute PE Medical therapy Conclusions References CHAPTER 49: Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension Resistant hypertension Rationale of targeting the renal sympathetic nervous system Surgical sympathetic denervation Percutaneous denervation The procedure The future Renal denervation beyond hypertension References SECTION II: Structural Heart Interventions CHAPTER 50: Antithrombotic Strategies in Valvular and Structural Heart Disease Interventions Rationale for antithrombotic therapy post‐TAVR Anti‐thrombotic strategies in the periprocedural period Anti‐thrombotic strategies in transcatheter‐based mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonic valve interventions Conclusion References CHAPTER 51: Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Introduction Selection of patients Mechanisms of treatment efficacy The technique Treatment efficacy Adverse events Future directions Conclusions References CHAPTER 52: Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion Indications for LAA exclusion Endocardial devices: design and technical details Procedural aspects for implantation The Lariat system: a combined endocardial–epicardial approach Post‐implantation consideration and follow‐up References CHAPTER 53: Cryptogenic Stroke, Patent Foramen Ovale, and ASD Closure Types of ASD and PFO Cryptogenic stroke and its relation to PFO Atrial septal defect Closure of ASD and PFO Contraindications to ASD and PFO closure Technique ASD and PFO closure procedure ASD sizing ASD device selection PFO device selection Device delivery Completing the procedure Adverse events Aftercare Future directions References CHAPTER 54: Paravalvular Leak Closure and Ventricular Septal Defect Closure Transcatheter paravalvular leak closure Transcatheter VSD closure References SECTION III: Valvular Heart Disease Interventions CHAPTER 55: Aortic Valvuloplasty and Large‐Bore Percutaneous Arterial Access Basic principles and mechanisms of action Indications and evidence for use Patient selection and contraindications to BAV Approach to the procedure Pre‐access considerations Large‐bore arterial access Access planning Sheath selection Pre‐closure Pre‐closure Technique Steps Contralateral safety wire Performing balloon aortic valvuloplasty Anticoagulation during BAV Crossing the aortic valve Wires BAV balloons Pacing Procedural conclusion Arteriotomy closure and troubleshooting Complications of BAV and their management Conclusions, recommendations, and future directions References CHAPTER 56: Balloon‐expandable Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement The Edwards Sapien valve system The MyVal Valve System References CHAPTER 57: Self‐Expanding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Cerebral Embolic Protection Introduction Evolut R/PRO/PRO+ Major trials Latest valve Procedural planning ACURATE neo(2) valve system Portico valve JenaValve/J Valve Cerebral embolic protection Conclusions Disclosures References CHAPTER 58: Leaflet Modification Technologies Introduction Leaflet modification for aortic valve interventions Leaflet modification for transcatheter mitral valve replacement Conclusions Disclosures References CHAPTER 59: Peri‐procedural Complications of TranscatheterAortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) Introduction Paravalvular leak Annular rupture Aortic and ventricular injuries Transcatheter valve embolization Coronary obstruction Stroke Pacemaker implantation Conclusions References CHAPTER 60: Intensive Care after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Overview of the TAVR patient population Objectives of intensive care after TAVR Transition to intensive care: hand‐over Structure of post‐TAVR care Acute hemodynamic changes and disorders of blood pressure Acute anemia and bleeding Vascular complications Stroke Conduction abnormalities Atrial fibrillation Acute kidney injury Hematologic abnormalities Mobilization and progression of care Future directions for post‐TAVR intensive care References CHAPTER 61: New Aortic Valve Technologies SAPIEN 3 UltraTM Evolut PROTM ACURATE neo THV Portico Allegra THV Conclusions References CHAPTER 62: Principles of Carpentier’s Reconstructive Surgery in Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease Pathophysiology and functional classification Surgical indications Principles of mitral valve surgery Results References CHAPTER 63: Transseptal Puncture Introduction Embryology and anatomy of interatrial septum: Training Echocardiographic guidance Know your equipment Specificities in transseptal puncture Complications Conclusions References CHAPTER 64.1: Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Introduction MitraClip system (Abbot, Santa Clara, CA, USA) Anatomic caveats and eligibility criteria Mitral valve edge‐to‐edge repair Complications Primary (Degenerative) MR Secondary (Functional) MR Emerging technologies for the percutaneous treatment mitral valve disease Conclusions References CHAPTER 64.2: Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement Introduction General principles and challenges with TMVR Preprocedural evaluation and imaging‐based procedural guidance Transcatheter mitral valve‐in‐valve and valve‐in‐ring replacement Treatment of native mitral valve regurgitation Transcatheter mitral valve‐in‐MAC replacement Conclusions References CHAPTER 65: Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty Anatomic considerations Balloon mitral valvuloplasty Indications and recommendations for percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty Class IIb recommendations Contraindications Peri‐procedural care Patient preparation Techniques BMV in difficult scenarios Complications of BMV Results of BMV Conclusions References CHAPTER 66: Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair and Replacement Percutaneous tricuspid valve edge‐to‐edge repair using a clip system Transcatheter tricuspid annuloplasty Transcatheter valve replacement for severe TR Anatomical and clinical patient selection References CHAPTER 67: Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement Introduction Established approaches Evolving approaches Imaging and modeling Future potentials Summary References CHAPTER 68: Imaging for Planning and Guidance for Structural Heart Interventions Introduction Transcatheter aortic valve replacement Percutaneous mitral valve repair Transcatheter mitral valve replacement Atrial septal defects/patent foramen ovale closure Transcatheter tricuspid interventions Pericardiocentesis Conclusions References SECTION IV: Interventions for Heart Failure CHAPTER 69: Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices Introduction Left‐sided options Right‐sided options Guideline recommendations Summary References CHAPTER 70: Implantable Hemodynamic Monitoring Systems Introduction Current heart failure monitoring limitations Implantable remote hemodynamic monitoring Practice guidelines Conclusions References
12 PART IV: Vascular Disease for the Interventionalist SECTION I: Cerebrovascular Disease CHAPTER 71: Acute Stroke Intervention Acute stroke therapy: Background and evidence Clinical exam Imaging Laboratory tests Cerebral angiography Intervention (Example of an acute middle cerebral artery occlusion intervention illustrated in Videos 71.1–10 and Figure 71.1–7). What is a successful angiographic result? The challenge of tandem occlusions Distal cerebral vessel occlusions Posterior circulation and basilar artery occlusions Variations in thrombectomy techniques Performance of the procedure with or without general anesthesia Complications Interventional cardiologists treating acute ischemic strokes with mechanical thrombectomy Conclusions References CHAPTER 72: Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Introduction Evolution of carotid angioplasty and stenting Overview of clinical trials regarding carotid angioplasty and stenting Current practice guidelines/patient selection Anatomic considerations Overview of technique Transcarotid Artery Revascularization (TCAR) Comparison of different methods of embolic protection Complications after CAS Stent design Emerging literature References CHAPTER 73: Cerebral Aneurysms Introduction Diagnosis Indications for endovascular treatment Historical background General considerations Tools Ruptured aneurysms References SECTION II: Aorta and Branch Diseases CHAPTER 74: Management of Acute Aortic Syndromes Aortic dissection Epidemiology Presentation and diagnosis Classification Penetrating aortic ulcer Intramural hematoma Aortic transection References CHAPTER 75: Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair Introduction Etiology Indications for repair TEVAR devices Operative planning Operative details Evidence to support TEVAR Future direction Conclusions References CHAPTER 76: Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair Background/history Measurements Etiology Indications Ruptured AAA Diagnostic imaging Anatomic requirements Endoleak Evidence Conclusions References CHAPTER 77: Fenestrated and Branched Endografts Introduction Evidence to support use Imaging and preoperative planning Devices Conclusions References CHAPTER 78: Acute and Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia Introduction Acute mesenteric ischemia Chronic mesenteric ischemia Technical considerations Post‐procedure follow‐up Complications Conclusions References CHAPTER 79: Renal Artery Interventions Renal artery stenosis Natural history and clinical outcomes Indications for screening Diagnosis Treatment options for ARAS Technical aspects of renal endovascular intervention for renal artery stenosis References CHAPTER 80: Endovascular Interventions for the Pelvis Introduction Uterine artery embolization Prostatic artery embolization Penile revascularization Conclusions References SECTION III: Peripheral Arterial and Venous Disease CHAPTER 81: Iliac Interventions Clinical presentation and diagnosis Percutaneous intervention Aorto‐iliac stenoses Chronic totally occlusive lesions Stent selection: self‐expandable and balloon expandable; covered and uncovered Bifurcation lesions Predictive factors Complications Conclusions References CHAPTER 82: Superficial Femoral Artery Interventions Treatment of patients with PAD Endovascular treatment Contemporary endovascular treatment Balloon angioplasty, bare metal stent Drug‐eluting stents/balloons Conclusions References CHAPTER 83: Popliteal Artery Interventions Interventions for popliteal artery disease Balloon angioplasty Stenting Adjunctive endovascular technologies Atherectomy Popliteal artery aneurysms Conclusions References CHAPTER 84: Below the Knee Interventions in Critical Limb Ischemia Background Evaluation of the lower extremity arterial system Approach to BTK intervention Endovascular management of below the knee critical limb ischemia Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty Modified angioplasty techniques Complications of endovascular procedures Conclusions References CHAPTER 85: Subclavian, Vertebral, and Upper Extremity Vascular Disease Subclavian and upper extremity arterial disease Vertebral artery disease References CHAPTER 86: Antithrombotic Strategies in Endovascular Interventions Pathophysiology Aspirin Ticlopidine Clopidogrel Other ADP receptor antagonists Dipyridamole Vorapaxar Low molecular weight heparins Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists Vitamin K antagonist Cilostazol Bivalirudin Direct Oral Anticoagulant Agents (DOACs) Conclusions References CHAPTER 87: Chronic Venous Insufficiency Introduction Predisposing factors Pathogenesis Clinical manifestations QOL and economic impact Diagnosis Treatment Non‐invasive study: venous reflux disease Non‐invasive study: chronic venous flow obstruction Non‐invasive study: muscle pump dysfunction References
13 Index
