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Industrial use of wireless communication is evolving and requires development of innovative technologies that enable industrial services. Different wireless technologies and standards across multiple industries are often adapted (modified or even redesigned) by an industry to fulfill its diverse requirements in terms of respective key performance metrics. Consequently, the standardization efforts aim at addressing such requirements according to the levels of QoS and working channels [55, 56]. Although wireless networks offer diverse and dynamic approaches for connectivity, it should be noted that none of these technologies have become prominent in the market. This is mainly due to the limitations of such technologies and lack of reliable business models [57].

Wireless communication technologies in industrial IoT span over a wide range of carrier frequencies and could support connectivity in the order of microsecond latency. For instance, the latency of Wireless Industrial Automation and Process Automation (WIA-PA) network is at least 10 ms with the range of up to 100 m [58]. Even though the communication link of this technology is reliable and fast, its range is limited. The existing trade-offs in wireless technologies are not just between latency and range, and other parameters such as channel bandwidth, data rate, number of nodes per network, and energy consumption are not the same across different wireless technologies. This wide variety of options for broad and diversified use cases makes selection of potential technologies even more challenging. As shown in Figure 1.3, industrial wireless technologies can be categorized into short-range and long-range technologies. Many technologies have arisen in both markets, as shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 Wireless Technologies Range Coverage.