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Long-range wireless networks are adapted for scenarios that require long-distance data transmission (up to 100 km). These wireless communications include very small aperture terminal (VSAT) technology, cellular networks (2G/3G/4G, LTE, and 5G), and low power wide area networks (LPWANs). Since VSAT

technology is based on satellite communication and employed in hard-to-reach places or remote sites, it is beyond the scope of this chapter. Since we will review cellular networks in Section 1.5, in this section we will focus on a number of main LPWAN technologies: long range (LoRa) [90], LTE-M [91], and narrowband Internet of things (NB-IoT) [92].