Читать книгу The Science of Reading - Группа авторов - Страница 48

Finally, we consider an important aspect of reading aloud that dual‐route models do not address at all: the role of semantic information. Although semantics plays no role in the dual‐route account of normal reading, behavioral and neuroimaging studies of skilled readers in English and other languages (e.g., Japanese, Chinese) indicate that semantic information is utilized in word naming (Evans et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2015). In the triangle framework, the learner’s task is to find ways to generate pronunciations quickly and accurately. The solution involves developing an efficient division of labor between different parts of the triangle, orthography➔phonology and orthography➔semantics➔phonology (O➔S➔P). The exact contributions from these components are affected by characteristics of words, writing systems, and readers. In general, there is greater input from O➔S➔P for words that are difficult to pronounce via the orthography➔phonology computation. In English, those are lower frequency words with atypical spelling‐sound correspondences (Strain et al. 1995; Strain & Herdman, 1999). There is also greater semantic involvement in reading aloud in writing systems that are relatively deep, such as Chinese (Yang et al., 2009) and Japanese Kanji (Shibahara et al. 2003; Smith et al., 2021).

These results follow from properties of the mappings between codes and their impact on learning in connectionist networks (Plaut et al., 1996; Harm & Seidenberg, 2004). The division of labor account has provided the basis for investigations of the development of reading in typical and dyslexic readers (e.g., Siegelman et al., 2020; Snowling & Hayiou‐Thomas, 2006; Harm & Seidenberg, 1999), the brain bases of the orthography➔phonology and orthography➔semantics➔phonology computations (Frost et al., 2005), and individual differences in reliance on the pathways in skilled readers (Graves et al., 2014; Woollams, 2005). Harm and Seidenberg (2004) developed a complementary model of the division of labor in computing meaning from print.

Every finding that semantics is used in normal reading aloud is a disconfirmation of the dual‐route model. In that architecture, semantics cannot be accessed until after a word is recognized (i.e., its entry in the orthographic or phonological lexicon is contacted).Accounting for semantic effects that arise in generating pronunciations would require rethinking basic tenets of the approach.