Читать книгу The Science of Reading - Группа авторов - Страница 60

Having established the bases of letter‐level processing, we now turn to consider the visual and orthographic factors that determine ease of single‐word recognition.

Figure 3.4 Illustration of Grainger and van Heuven’s (2004) model of orthographic processing applied to the case of multiple letter strings separated by spaces (Grainger et al., 2014 / With permission of Elsevier). Letter identities are first assigned to a specific location along a line of text that depends on where readers’ eyes are looking at the text (gaze‐centered letters). Then, location‐invariant letter‐in‐word order is encoded by inferring the order of letter pairs (bigrams) on the basis of activity in gaze‐centered letters. These letter pairs are not necessarily contiguous (open‐bigrams), such that presentation of a word such as rock generates activity in open‐bigrams such as R‐O (R before O), but also R‐C (R before C). Although letter order matters for the formation of bigrams, the order of bigrams themselves does not matter. For simplicity, information about the spaces between words (which is available at the first level of orthographic processing) is left out of this figure, but is thought to contribute to the encoding of location‐invariant letter order. Possible feedback and lateral inhibitory connections have also been left out.