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When the electric fields and density gradients are present, the equation of continuity describes the behavior of excess carriers with time and in space:

(1.34)

(1.35)

where electron and hole concentrations are represented by n and p respectively. Jn and Jp are the electron current density and hole current density, Gn and Gp are the electrons and hole generation rates, Rn and Rp are the electron and hole recombination rates.

In steady state and .