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Increased volume (polyuria)

 Renal disease, hepatic disease, hypercalcemia, pyometra, Cushing’s disease, diabetes mellitus, or insipidus

Increased frequency of urination (pollakiuria)

 Urinary tract infection, urinary calculi, bladder tumors

Painful urination (dysuria)

 Arthritis, urinary tract infection, urinary calculi, prostatitis

Reduced control (incontinence)

 Neurologic damage; spinal or peripheral nerve

 Sphincter incompetence or impairment

 Cranial/impairment of central control (tumors, infections, etc.)

Sensory decline

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome

Altered mobility

 Neuromuscular, orthopedic disease

Medications

 Steroids, diuretics

Marking

 Increased anxiety due to endocrinopathy

 Hormonal (e.g., androgen‐producing tumors)