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In early pregnancy it is essential to exclude ectopic pregnancy. Vaginal bleeding may be absent. Fainting and dizziness would not usually occur with gastroenteritis unless there is significant dehydration, but is seen with hypovolaemia from blood loss. A pregnancy test is essential to rule out pregnancy in women of childbearing age with abdominal pain.

Abdominal pain and diarrhoea can also be symptoms of intra‐abdominal sepsis. See also Chapter 23 on abdominal emergencies.