Читать книгу Renewable Integrated Power System Stability and Control - Hassan Bevrani - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Conceptual structure of a virtual synchronous generator.Figure 1.2 An overall data‐driven control framework for renewable integrated...Figure 1.3 PMU‐based wide‐area measurement system and control.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Area i illustrating the notion of the local COI. Dashed lines ind...Figure 2.2 Interconnected power system divided into areas illustrating the n...Figure 2.3 Single‐line diagram of two‐area system.Figure 2.4 Simple Turbine Governor model (r = 25, T_s = 0.1, T₃ = 0.0, T₄ = 1...Figure 2.5 Frequency responses of two‐area system following the loss of 14 p...Figure 2.6 Single line diagram of the NYNE system showing coherent areas and...Figure 2.7 System response for contingency scenario CS1; (a) frequency respo...Figure 2.8 (a) Frequency responses of NYNE system for contingency scenario C...Figure 2.9 Frequency responses of different strategies for contingency scena...Figure 2.10 Frequency and voltage responses of 16‐machine for contingency sc...Figure 2.11 Frequency responses of 16‐machine for contingency scenario CS4....Figure 2.12 Frequency responses of 50‐machine system following a three‐phase...Figure 2.13 Frequency responses of 50‐machine system including wind power fa...Figure 2.14 Interconnected power system divided into areas illustrating the ...Figure 2.15 Interconnected power system divided into areas illustrating the ...Figure 2.16 Equivalent model of two‐area system.Figure 2.17 Frequency responses of two‐area system for the outage of generat...Figure 2.18 Frequency responses of two‐area system for tripping of load.Figure 2.19 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 1.Figure 2.20 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 2.Figure 2.21 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 3.Figure 2.22 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 4.Figure 2.23 Three‐phase schematic representation of the UOK‐MG; WT, wind tur...Figure 2.24 Genset controller scheme; M_Q, slope of Q − V d...Figure 2.25 Fuel controller of Genset; K_tf, torque to fuel conversion ratio....Figure 2.26 Simplified model of the IC engine; η_thr, thermal constant; Figure 2.27 Exciter model; τ_e, exciter machine time constant.Figure 2.28 Voltage regulation diagram; K_vi, integral controller gain; K_vp, ...Figure 2.29 Dynamics of Genset in response to turn on 4 kW load at 2 seconds...Figure 2.30 Inverter‐based DG block diagram; m, modulating index; θ(t),...Figure 2.31 Ideal source model.Figure 2.32 Inverter‐based controller scheme.Figure 2.33 Experimental and simulated waveforms for real and reactive power...Figure 2.34 A conceptual scheme of the proposed MG dynamic equivalent model....Figure 2.35 Flowchart representation of the equivalencing approach.Figure 2.36 Experimental waveforms for real power and frequency output for M...Figure 2.37 Relationship between MG inertia and ratio of Genset to MG capaci...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Flowchart representation of the proposed analytical approach to e...Figure 3.2 Single line diagram of the 68‐bus system showing coherent areas a...Figure 3.3 Area 2 frequency in response to reduction of COI.Figure 3.4 Schematic description for the maximum MG penetration level.Figure 3.5 Area 2 frequency response in response to reduction of COI.Figure 3.6 Extracted relationship between damping ratio and penetration leve...Figure 3.7 Single‐line diagram of the test system.Figure 3.8 (a) Maximum active power injection per bus and (b) voltage magnit...Figure 3.9 Maximum active power injection per bus for various power factor....

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Conceptual and general structure of VSG.Figure 4.2 Basic control scheme of a VSG.Figure 4.3 IEEE 9‐bus system.Figure 4.4 System response for a 10‐MW load increase at Bus 9.Figure 4.5 System response for a 20‐MW step decrease in G3 power command.Figure 4.6 Power grid with HVDC system.Figure 4.7 HVDC system as a primary source for grid frequency support.Figure 4.8 Block diagram representation of the proposed modeling process: (a...Figure 4.9 Three‐phase schematic representation of the UOK‐MG.Figure 4.10 The ESS and grid experimental dynamic responses.Figure 4.11 The pseudo‐spectrum estimation via MUSIC.Figure 4.12 Comparison of frequency response computed from the experiment an...Figure 4.13 Block diagram representation of control area i. β_i, R_i, T_giFigure 4.14 (a) Frequency behaviors and (b) RoCoF of generators 1 to 3 of th...Figure 4.15 Single‐line diagram of two‐area system.Figure 4.16 Frequency response of generators 1, 2, and 3 of the two‐area pow...Figure 4.17 Single‐line diagram of NYNE test system showing coherent areas a...Figure 4.18 Virtual inertia allocation for NYNE test system.Figure 4.19 Frequency responses of NYNE test system for different approaches...Figure 4.20 Participation factor of the machines participating in the critic...Figure 4.21 Virtual inertia allocation for NYNE test system.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Illustration of clusters associated with weighted, connected grap...Figure 5.2 Overview of the steps in computing voltage control areas. Here, Figure 5.3 Illustration of distance (similarity) matrices and the associated...Figure 5.4 Mapping from the original space to the DM space.Figure 5.5 Single‐line diagram of the study region showing the 230‐/400‐kV t...Figure 5.6 Sensitivity coefficients associated with bus 153 (unnormalized va...Figure 5.7 Estimated spatial distribution of voltage control areas based on ...Figure 5.8 Reactive power deviations following a double‐line outage for cont...Figure 5.9 Reactive power output for generators in zone 2 for the contingenc...Figure 5.10 SVC reactive output power for contingency scenario CE06.Figure 5.11 Bus voltage magnitudes for contingency scenario CE06.Figure 5.12 Approximate boundaries and geographical locations for clusters e...Figure 5.13 The candidate pilot node locations. Empty dashed circles show pi...Figure 5.14 Leading eigenvector of the Markov transition matrix: (a) conting...Figure 5.15 Dominant eigenvector extracted using the MCL for contingency sce...Figure 5.16 Partial least squares regression of datasets X and Y.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Conceptual overview of the adopted control scheme showing the gri...Figure 6.2 Mechanical system explaining the adopted control scheme.Figure 6.3 Flowchart representation of the proposed control strategy; repr...Figure 6.4 Frequency response model with virtual inertia.Figure 6.5 Beat voltage for early closing of the switch; upper plot: beat vo...Figure 6.6 Voltages on either side of the static switch [15].Figure 6.7 Single‐line diagram of two‐area system.Figure 6.8 ESS effect on frequency response.Figure 6.9 Single‐line diagram of the 68‐bus system showing coherent areas a...Figure 6.10 Penetration level as a function of frequency nadir.Figure 6.11 ESS effect on frequency response.Figure 6.12 Stable region of power systemFigure 6.13 Virtual inertia allocation for NYNE test system.Figure 6.14 Trace of generating units in the Δδ – ΔV plane in response ...Figure 6.15 Trace of generating units in the Δδ – ΔV plane in response ...Figure 6.16 Effects of flexible inertia on voltage regulation and small‐sign...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Ten‐bus, six‐machine test system.Figure 7.2 Generic wind farm/solar photovoltaic model.Figure 7.3 Normalized speed‐based mode shapes of the electromechanical eigen...Figure 7.4 Speed deviations response following a three‐phase fault at bus 7 ...Figure 7.5 System rotor angle deviations following a three‐phase fault at bu...Figure 7.6 System bus frequency deviations following a three‐phase fault at ...Figure 7.7 System bus voltage deviations following a three‐phase fault at bu...Figure 7.8 Speed deviations of system machines and wind farms following a th...Figure 7.9 Participation factors for mode 1 in Table 7.5.Figure 7.10 Dominant DMD modes from the decomposition following a three‐ph...Figure 7.11 Speed‐based mode shape for mode 1 in Table 7.3 computed using DM...Figure 7.12 Speed signals following a three‐phase fault at bus 7; (a) Cluste...Figure 7.13 Schematic illustration of the seven‐area test system showing maj...Figure 7.14 Active and reactive control characteristics: (a) reactive and (b...Figure 7.15 Two‐mass wind mechanical model.Figure 7.16 Frequency deviations for contingency scenario CS04; (a) WFs in A...Figure 7.17 Frequency deviations for contingency scenario CS02: (a) WFs in A...Figure 7.18 System response to a three‐phase fault at the POIS (contingency ...Figure 7.19 Bus frequency signals following a three‐phase fault at the POIS ...Figure 7.20 Speed‐based mode shape of 0.395 Hz interarea mode 1.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Simplified system representation.Figure 8.2 Simplified schematic of the study region within Area 6. Dashed li...Figure 8.3 WFs’ active power output following a stub three‐phase fault at th...Figure 8.4 Wind farms terminal voltages following a three‐phase stub fault a...Figure 8.5 SVC reactive power output following a three‐phase stub fault at t...Figure 8.6 WFs’ bus frequencies following a three‐phase stub fault at the PO...Figure 8.7 Wind farms reactive power output (contingency scenario CS03).Figure 8.8 WFs reactive power output (contingency scenario CS03).Figure 8.9 SVC reactive power output (contingency scenario CS03).Figure 8.10 Speed‐based mode shape (contingency scenario CS03).Figure 8.11 The COG dynamic equivalent adopted for assessing energy exchange...Figure 8.12 Generator active power response following the simultaneous outag...Figure 8.13 Partial least squares regression between WFs and generation sour...Figure 8.14 Frequency response at the POIS following the outage of a 750 MW ...Figure 8.15 Frequency nadir as a function of the magnitude of generator trip...Figure 8.16 Simplified diagram of the WF reactive power control loop.Figure 8.17 Bus voltage magnitudes at the POIS for various control and dynam...Figure 8.18 Bus voltage magnitudes at selected buses in Area 6 (contingency ...Figure 8.19 Fourier spectra of bus voltage magnitude deviations in Figure 8....