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Coconut oil is obtained from the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.), a tropical plant normally utilized for edible and non‐edible purposes. Two major types of oil can be obtained from coconut: (i) coconut or copra oil, which is obtained from the dried coconut flesh, also known as copra, and (ii) virgin coconut oil, obtained from fresh coconut flesh (Zuknik et al. 2016). Copra oil can be found either unrefined or refined, bleached, and deodorized (Kumar and Krishna 2015).

As a portable source of water (and food), coconuts played an important role in the ability of humans to voyage and colonize regions throughout the tropics (Gunn et al. 2011). Currently, coconut is an important crop in tropical countries where it plays an important role in diets and livelihoods (MacDonald et al. 2018). A large number of food products containing coconut oil have been launched into the market during recent years (Table 1.1).

Besides being used for frying or as an ingredient in baked goods, coconut oil is currently used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, among others (Kumar and Krishna 2015). Over 12.30 Mha of coconut are currently planted across 89 tropical countries, mainly in Asia (Gunn et al. 2011) – Figure 1.1. Coconut plantations can now be found on practically every tropical and sub‐tropical coastline worldwide, distributed mainly in coastal regions between 20°N and 20°S (Ramanatha Rao et al. 2005). Coconuts are even cultivated far from the coast in many regions with adequate rainfall and altitude (Foale 2005). Over 95% of the farmers who grow coconuts are smallholders tending less than four hectares and lack the resources to invest in technologies that would improve production yields (Batugal et al. 2005). However, production and consumption of coconut oil is expected to increase in coming years and production of virgin coconut oil shows potential for improving coconut farm incomes by five to eightfold over traditional copra production (Bawalan and Chapman 2006).

Table 1.1 Foods manufactured using vegetable (and microalgal) oils.

Source: Data accessed on June 7, 2019 from MINTEL, available at http://www.mintel.com.

Product	Brand	Company	Country of commercialization	Oil(s) used
Sour cream and onion flavored potato snack	Pringles	Pringles, USA	Argentina	Cottonseed and coconut oil
Roasted and salted peanuts	Pami	Pami, Greece	Croatia	Cottonseed and sunflower oil
Corn “tostadas”	Mamá Lycha	Productos Mamá Lycha, USA	Canada	Cottonseed, palm, and/or soybean oil
Chocolate cake with chocolate topping	Betty Crocker Mug Treats	General Mills, USA	Saudi Arabia	Cottonseed, palm, sunflower, and rapeseed oil
Tomato soup	Campbell's Soup at Hand	Campbell, Canada	Canada	Canola, corn, cottonseed, and or/soybean oil
Hazelnut cream with cocoa and breadsticks	Nut Bari	DKC Grup Gida San, Turkey	Turkey	Sunflower, cottonseed, and palm oil
Spicy vegetable tajine with bulgur, spelt, and raisins	Carrefour Veggie	Carrefour, France	Spain	Cottonseed and extra virgin olive oil
Breakfast cereals	Kellogg's Froot Loops	Kellogg Sales, USA	USA	Coconut, soybean, and cottonseed oil
Cookie covered almonds	7‐Select	7‐Eleven, USA	USA	Canola, cottonseed, palm kernel, and/or peanut oil
Apple pie	Royal Classic Dutch	De Specialiteitenbakkerij, the Netherlands	Switzerland	Cottonseed, rapeseed, and sunflower oil
Rice mini squares	Kellogg's Rice Krispies Treats Mini Squares	Kellogg Sales, USA	USA	Soybean and palm oil
Sweet kale salad	Eat Smart Salad Shake Ups	Apio, USA	USA	Canola, soybean, and sunflower oil
Mr Kipling lemon whirls	Mr Kipling	Premier Foods, Ireland	Ireland	Rapeseed and palm oil
Cookies drizzled in chocolate	Bake Shop Bites	Cookies United, USA	Puerto Rico	Palm kernel oil, hydrogenated palm oil, and soybean oil
Special bread tapas biscuits	Quely	Quely, Spain	Spain	Sunflower and olive oil
Taralli biscuits	Continental Taralli Biscuits	Continental Taralli Biscuits, Australia	Australia	Olive oil
Quinoa salad	Pur	PUR Bio Feinkost Manufaktur – Heinz Gierze, Germany	Germany	Sunflower and olive oil
Tuna salad	The Yummy Tummy Co,	The Yummy Tummy Company, UK	UK	Olive oil
Artichoke pesto	Casa de la Torre	Converfrut, Argentina	Argentina	Olive oil
Infant formula	Enfamil Neuro Pro EnfaCare	Mead Johnson, USA	USA	Sunflower, soybean, coconut, and Schizochytrium sp. oil
Apple drink	Life Mix	W Pesquisa, Tecnologia e Indústria de Alimentos, Brazil	Brazil	Schizochytrium sp. oil
Evaporated milk	Laive Niños	Laive, Peru	Peru	Mortierella alpine and Schizochytrium sp. oil

Production of coconut oil during 2014 was estimated as 3.10 Mt (UN 2019). During the period 2018/2019, coconut oil production was reported to be 3.63 Mt (USDA 2019). Approximately 2.70 Mt of coconut oil were produced in Asia, representing approximately 88.4% of the total production. Largest coconut oil producers are the Philippines, Indonesia, and India with 1.10, 0.91, and 0.39 Mt, respectively. The Philippines and Indonesia are also the biggest coconut exporters with approximately 0.75 and 0.60 Mt of coconut oil exported during 2016, respectively. Moreover, the US and the Netherlands are the major coconut oil importers followed by Malaysia and Germany with approximately 0.51, 0.34, 0.15, and 0.15 Mt of coconut oil imported during 2017. Global copra production is expected to increase by 2%, mainly due to expanding coconut plantations in Vietnam and improving yields in the Philippines (USDA 2017).

Figure 1.1 World production of palm fruit, olives, and most economically important oilseeds. Values represent tonnes produced during 2017.

Source: Data accessed on April 8, 2019 from FAOSTAT, the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database, available at http://www.fao.org/faostat.