Читать книгу Introduction to Fuzzy Logic - James K. Peckol - Страница 51

One can distinguish a number of different forms or methods of learning ranging from the most elementary rote learning to more complex processes of learning by analogy and discovery. Variations on this taxonomy have appeared in much of the recent literature. In the following paragraphs, the term “student” is frequently used. Consider that a student or learner could be a human person or, potentially, a machine.

In some of his earlier works, Edward Feigenbaum proposed a five‐phase learning process:

1 Request information.

2 Interpret the information.

3 Convert the information into a useable form.

4 Integrate the information into the existing knowledge store.

5 Apply the knowledge and evaluate the results.

The learning situation is composed of two parties, the learner and the teacher or environment, and a body of knowledge to be transferred from the environment to the learner. Based on the five criteria, a six‐level learning taxonomy was proposed. The taxonomy considers two extremes: no active learner participation and complete active learner participation. Examining the taxonomy, one can easily see the influence of Socrates.

1 Rote learning – A memorization process that requires little thought of meaning by the learner.

2 Learning with a teacher – Most of the information is provided by the teacher. Missing details must be inferred by the learner.

3 Learning by example – Specific conceptual instances are given; however, generalization must be achieved by the learner.

4 Learning by analogy or metaphor – Related conceptual instances are given. The learner must recognize the relation and apply it to the task at hand.

5 Learning by problem solving – Knowledge embedded in the problem may be gained by the learner through solving the problem.

6 Learning by discovery – Knowledge exists but must be hypothesized by the learner through theory formation and extracted by experiment.