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Extent of the Stock
ОглавлениеOut of some sixty aboriginal stocks or families found in North America above the Tropic of Cancer, about five-sixths were confined to the tenth of the territory bordering Pacific ocean; the remaining nine-tenths of the land was occupied by a few strong stocks, comprising the Algonquian, Athapascan, Iroquoian, Shoshonean, Siouan, and others of more limited extent.
The Indians of the Siouan stock occupied the central portion of the continent. They were preeminently plains Indians, ranging from Lake Michigan to the Rocky mountains, and from the Arkansas to the Saskatchewan, while an outlying body stretched to the shores of the Atlantic. They were typical American barbarians, headed by hunters and warriors and grouped in shifting tribes led by the chase or driven by battle from place to place over their vast and naturally rich domain, though a crude agriculture sprang up whenever a tribe tarried long in one spot. No native stock is more interesting than the great Siouan group, and none save the Algonquian and Iroquoian approach it in wealth of literary and historical records; for since the advent of white men the Siouan Indians have played striking rôles on the stage of human development, and have caught the eye of every thoughtful observer.
The term Siouan is the adjective denoting the "Sioux" Indians and cognate tribes. The word "Sioux" has been variously and vaguely used. Originally it was a corruption of a term expressing enmity or contempt, applied to a part of the plains tribes by the forest-dwelling Algonquian Indians. According to Trumbull, it was the popular appellation of those tribes which call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota ("Friendly," implying confederated or allied), and was an abbreviation of Nadowessioux, a Canadian-French corruption of Nadowe-ssi-wag ("the snake-like ones" or "enemies"), a term rooted in the Algonquian nadowe ("a snake"); and some writers have applied the designation to different portions of the stock, while others have rejected it because of the offensive implication or for other reasons. So long ago as 1836, however, Gallatin employed the term "Sioux" to designate collectively "the nations which speak the Sioux language,"2 and used an alternative term to designate the subordinate confederacy—i.e., he used the term in a systematic way for the first time to denote an ethnic unit which experience has shown to be well defined. Gallatin's terminology was soon after adopted by Prichard and others, and has been followed by most careful writers on the American Indians. Accordingly the name must be regarded as established through priority and prescription, and has been used in the original sense in various standard publications.3
In colloquial usage and in the usage of the ephemeral press, the term "Sioux" was applied sometimes to one but oftener to several of the allied tribes embraced in the first of the principal groups of which the stock is composed, i.e., the group or confederacy styling themselves Dakota. Sometimes the term was employed in its simple form, but as explorers and pioneers gained an inkling of the organization of the group, it was often compounded with the tribal name as "Santee-Sioux," "Yanktonnai-Sioux," "Sisseton-Sioux," etc. As acquaintance between white men and red increased, the stock name was gradually displaced by tribe names until the colloquial appellation "Sioux" became but a memory or tradition throughout much of the territory formerly dominated by the great Siouan stock. One of the reasons for the abandonment of the name was undoubtedly its inappropriateness as a designation for the confederacy occupying the plains of the upper Missouri, since it was an alien and opprobrious designation for a people bearing a euphonious appellation of their own. Moreover, colloquial usage was gradually influenced by the usage of scholars, who accepted the native name for the Dakota (spelled Dahcota by Gallatin) confederacy, as well as the tribal names adopted by Gallatin, Prichard, and others. Thus the ill-defined term "Sioux" has dropped out of use in the substantive form, and is retained, in the adjective form only, to designate a great stock to which no other collective name, either intern or alien, has ever been definitely and justly applied.
The earlier students of the Siouan Indians recognized the plains tribes alone as belonging to that stock, and it has only recently been shown that certain of the native forest-dwellers long ago encountered by English colonists on the Atlantic coast were closely akin to the plains Indians in language, institutions, and beliefs. In 1872 Hale noted a resemblance between the Tutelo and Dakota languages, and this resemblance was discussed orally and in correspondence with several students of Indian languages, but the probability of direct connection seemed so remote that the affinity was not generally accepted. Even in 1880, after extended comparison with Dakota material (including that collected by the newly instituted Bureau of Ethnology), this distinguished investigator was able to detect only certain general similarities between the Tutelo tongue and the dialects of the Dakota tribes.4 In 1881 Gatschet made a collection of linguistic material among the Catawba Indians of South Carolina, and was struck with the resemblance of many of the vocables to Siouan terms of like meaning, and began the preparation of a comparative Catawba-Dakota vocabulary. To this the Tutelo, ¢egiha, ʇɔiwe´re, and Hotcañgara (Winnebago) were added by Dorsey, who made a critical examination of all Catawba material extant and compared it with several Dakota dialects, with which he was specially conversant. These examinations and comparisons demonstrated the affinity between the Dakota and Catawba tongues and showed them to be of common descent; and the establishment of this relation made easy the acceptance of the affinity suggested by Hale between the Dakota and Tutelo.
Up to this time it was supposed that the eastern tribes "were merely offshoots of the Dakota;" but in 1883 Hale observed that "while the language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western Dakota, it bears evidence of being older in form,"5 and consequently that the Siouan tribes of the interior seem to have migrated westward from a common fatherland with their eastern brethren bordering the Atlantic. Subsequently Gatschet discovered that the Biloxi Indians of the Gulf coast used many terms common to the Siouan tongues; and in 1891 Dorsey visited these Indians and procured a rich collection of words, phrases, and myths, whereby the Siouan affinity of these Indians was established. Meantime Mooney began researches among the Cherokee and cognate tribes of the southern Atlantic slope and found fresh evidence that their ancient neighbors were related in tongue and belief with the buffalo hunters of the plains; and he has recently set forth the relations of the several Atlantic slope tribes of Siouan affinity in full detail.6 Through the addition of these eastern tribes the great Siouan stock is augmented in extent and range and enhanced in interest; for the records of a group of cognate tribes are thereby increased so fully as to afford historical perspective and to indicate, if not clearly to display, the course of tribal differentiation.
According to Dorsey, whose acquaintance with the Siouan Indians was especially close, the main portion of the Siouan stock, occupying the continental interior, comprised seven principal divisions (including the Biloxi and not distinguishing the Asiniboin), each composed of one or more tribes or confederacies, all defined and classified by linguistic, social, and mythologic relations; and he and Mooney recognize several additional groups, denned by linguistic affinity or historical evidence of intimate relations, in the eastern part of the country. So far as made out through the latest researches, the grand divisions, confederacies, and tribes of the stock,7 with their present condition, are as follows:
1. Dakota-Asiniboin
Dakota ("Friendly") or Ot´-ce-ti ca-ko-win ("Seven council-fires") confederacy, comprising—
| A. | Santee, including Mde-wa-kan´-ton-wan ("Spirit Lake village") and Wa-qpe´-ku-te ("Shoot among deciduous trees"), mostly located in Knox county, Nebraska, on the former Santee reservation, with some oa Fort Peck reservation, Montana. |
| B. | Sisseton or Si-si´-ton-wan´ ("Fish-scale village"), mostly on Sisseton reservation, South Dakota, partly on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota. |
| C. | Wahpetou or Wa´-qpe´-ton-wan ("Dwellers among deciduous trees"), mostly on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota. |
| D. | Yankton or I-hank´-ton-wan ("End village"), in Yankton village, South Dakota. |
| E. | Yanktonai or I-hank´-ton-wan-na ("Little End village"), comprising—a.Upper Yanktonai, on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, with the Pa´-ba-kse ("Cut head") gens on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota.b.Lower Yanktonai, or Huñkpatina ("Campers at the horn [or end of the camping circle]"), mostly on Crow Creek reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Bock reservation, North Dakota, and others on Fort Peck reservation, Montana. |
| F. | Teton or Ti´-ton-wan ("Prairie dwellers"), comprising—a.Brulé or Si-tcan´-xu ("Burnt thighs "), including Upper Brulé, mostly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, and Lower Brulé, on Lower Brulé reservation, in the same state, with some of both on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, and others on Fort Peck reservation, Montana.b.Sans Arcs or I-ta´-zip-tco ("Without bows"), largely on Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with others on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota.c.Blackfeet or Si-ha´-sa-pa ("Black-feet"), mostly on Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Eock reservation, North Dakota.d.Minneconjou or Mi´-ni-ko´-o-ju ("Plant beside the stream"), mostly on Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, partly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota.e.Two Kettles or O-o´-he non´-pa ("Two boilings"), on Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota.f.Ogalala or O-gla´-la ("She poured out her own"), mostly on Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, including the Wa-ja´-ja ("Fringed") gens on Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, and Loafers or Wa-glu´-xe ("Inbreeders"), mostly on Pine Ridge reservation, with some on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota.g.Huñkpapa ("At the entrance"), on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota. |
Asiuiboin ("Cook-with-stones people" in Algonquian), commonly called Nakota among themselves, and called Hohe ("Rebels") by the Dakota; an offshoot from the Yanktonnai; not studied in detail during recent years; partly on Fort Peck reservation, Montana, mostly in Canada; comprising in 1833 (according to Prince Maximilian)8—
| A. | Itscheabiné ("Les gens des filles"=Girl people?). |
| B. | Jatonabinè ("Les gens des roches"=Stone people); apparently the leading band. |
| C. | Otopachguato ("Les gens du large"=Roamers?). |
| D. | Otaopabinè ("Les gens des canots"=Canoe people?). |
| E. | Tschantoga ("Les gens des bois"=Forest people). |
| F. | Watópachnato ("Les gens de l'age"=Ancient people?). |
| G. | Tanintauei ("Les gens des osayes"=Bone people). |
| H. | Chábin ("Les gens des montagnes"=Mountain people). |
2. ¢egiha ("People Dwelling here")9
| A. | Omaha or U-man-han ("Upstream people"), located on Omaha reservation, Nebraska, comprising in 1819 (according to James)10—a.Honga-sha-no tribe, including—1.Wase-ish-ta band.2.Enk-ka-sa-ba band.3.Wa-sa-ba-eta-je ("Those who do not touch bears") band.4.Ka-e-ta-je ("Those who do not touch turtles") band.5.Wa-jinga-e-ta-je band.6.Hun-guh band.7.Kon-za band.8.Ta-pa-taj-je band.b.Ish-ta-sun-da ("Gray eyes") tribe, including—1.Ta-pa-eta-je band.2.Mon-eka-goh-ha ("Earth makers") band.3.Ta-sin-da ("Bison tail") band.4.Ing-gera-je-da ("Red dung") band.5.Wash-a-tung band. |
| B. | Ponka ("Medicine"?), mostly on Ponca reservation, Indian Territory, partly at Santee agency, Nebraska. |
| C. | Kwapa, Quapaw, or U-ʞa´-qpa ("Downstream people," a correlative of U-man´-han), the "Arkansa" of early writers, mostly on Osage reservation, Oklahoma, partly on Quapaw reservation, Indian Territory. |
| D. | (D) Osage or Wa-ca´-ce ("People"), comprising—a.Big Osage or Pa-he´-tsi ("Campers on the mountain"), on Osage reservation, Indian Territory.b.Little Osage or U-ʇsĕɥ´-ta ("Campers on the lowland,") on Osage reservation, Indian Territory.c.San-ʇsu´-ʞ¢in11 ("Campers in the highland grove") or "Arkansa band," chiefly on Osage reservation, Indian Territory. |
| E. | Kansa or Kan´-ze (refers to winds, though precise significance is unknown; frequently called Kaw), on Kansas reservation, Indian Territory. |
3. ʇɔiwe´re ("People of this place")
| A. | Iowa or Pá-qo-tce ("Dusty-heads"), chiefly on Great Nemaha reservation, Kansas and Nebraska, partly on Sac and Fox reservation, Indian Territory. |
| B. | Oto or Wa-to´-ta ("Aphrodisian"), on Otoe reservation, Indian Territory. |
| C. | Missouri or Ni-u´-t'a-tci (exact meaning uncertain; said to refer to drowning of people in a stream; possibly a corruption of Ni-shu´-dje, "Smoky water," the name of Missouri river); on Otoe reservation, Indian Territory. |
4. Winnebago
Winnebago (Algonquian designation, meaning "Turbid water people"?) or Ho-tcañ-ga-ra ("People of the parent speech"), mostly on Winnebago reservation in Nebraska, some in Wisconsin, and a few in Michigan; composition never definitely ascertained; comprised in 1850 (according to Schoolcraft12) twenty-one bands, all west of the Mississippi, viz.:
| a. | Little Mills' band. |
| b. | Little Dekonie's band. |
| c. | Maw-kuh-soonch-kaw's band. |
| d. | Ho-pee-kaw's band. |
| e. | Waw-kon-haw-kaw's band. |
| f. | Baptiste's band. |
| g. | Wee-noo-shik's band. |
| h. | Con-a-ha-ta-kaw's band. |
| i. | Paw-sed-ech-kaw's band. |
| j. | Taw-nu-nuk's band. |
| k. | Ah-hoo-zeeb-kaw's band. |
| l. | Is-chaw-go-baw-kaw's band. |
| m. | Watch-ha-ta-kaw's band. |
| n. | Waw-maw-noo-kaw-kaw's band. |
| o. | Waw-kon-chaw-zu-kaw's band. |
| p. | Good Thunder's band. |
| q. | Koog-ay-ray-kaw's band. |
| r. | Black Hawk's band. |
| s. | Little Thunder's band. |
| t. | Naw-key-ku-kaw's band. |
| u. | O-chin-chin-nu-kaw's band. |
5. Mandan
Mandan (their own name is questionable; Catlin says they called themselves See-pohs-kah-nu-mah-kah-kee, "People of the pheasants;"13 Prince Maximilian says they called themselves Numangkake, "Men," adding usually the name of their village, and that another name is Mahna-Narra, "The Sulky [Ones]," applied because they separated from the rest of their nation;14 of the latter name their common appellation seems to be a corruption); on Fort Berthold reservation, North Dakota, comprising in 1804 (according to Lewis and Clark15) three villages—
| a. | Matootonha. |
| b. | Rooptahee. |
| c. | __________(Eapanopa's village). |
6. Hidatsa
| A. | Hidatsa (their own name, the meaning of which is uncertain, but appears to refer to a traditional buffalo pannch connected with the division of the group, though supposed by some to refer to "willows"); formerly called Minitari ("Cross the water," or, objectionally, Gros Ventres); on Fort Berthold reservation, North Dakota, comprising in 1796 (according to information gained by Matthews16) three villages—a.Hidatsa.b.Amatìlia ("Earth-lodge [village]"?).c.Amaliami ("Mountain-country [people]"?). |
| B. | Crow or Ab-sa´-ru-ke, on the Crow reservation, Montana. |
7. Biloxi
| A. | Biloxi ("Trifling" or "Worthless" in Choctaw) or Ta-neks´ Han-ya-di´ ("Original people" in their own language); partly in Rapides parish, Louisiana; partly in Indian Territory, with the Choctaw and Caddo. |
| B. | Paskagula ("Bread people" in Choctaw), probably extinct. |
| C. | ?Moctobi (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| D. | ?Chozetta (meaning unknown), extinct. |
8. Monakan
Monakan confederacy.
| A. | Monakan ("Country [people of?]"), ? extinct. |
| B. | Meipontsky (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| C. | ?Mahoc (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| D. | Nuntaneuck or Nuntaly (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| E. | Mohetan ("People of the earth"?), extinct. |
Tutelo.
| A. | Tutelo or Ye-san´ (meaning unknown), probably extinct. |
| B. | Saponi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. (According to Mooney, the Tutelo and Saponi tribes were intimately connected or identical, and the names were used interchangeably, the former becoming more prominent after the removal of the tribal remnant from the Carolinas to New York.17) |
| C. | Occanichi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. |
?Manahoac confederacy, extinct.
| A. | Manahoac (meaning unknown). |
| B. | Stegarake (meaning unknown). |
| C. | Shackakoni (meaning unknown). |
| D. | Tauxitania (meaning unknown). |
| E. | Ontponi (meaning unknown). |
| F. | Tegniati (meaning unknown). |
| G. | Whonkenti (meaning unknown). |
| H. | Hasinninga (meaning unknown). |
9. Catawba or Ni-ya ("People")
| A. | Catawba (meaning unknown; they called themselves Ni-ya, "Men" in the comprehensive sense), nearly extinct. |
| B. | Woccon (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| C. | ? Sissipahaw (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| D. | ? Cape Fear (proper name unknown), extinct. |
| E. | ? Warrennuncock (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| F. | ? Adshusheer (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| G. | ? Eno (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| H. | ? Shocco (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| I. | ? Waxhaw (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| J. | ? Sugeri (meaning unknown), extinct. |
| K. | Santee (meaning unknown). |
| L. | Wateree (derived from the Catawba word watĕrăn, "to float in the water"). |
| M. | Sewee (meaning unknown). |
| N. | Congaree (meaning unknown). |
10. Sara (extinct)
| A. | Sara ("Tall grass"). |
| B. | Keyauwi (meaning unknown). |
11. ? Pedee (extinct)
| A. | Pedee (meaning unknown). |
| B. | Waccamaw (meaning unknown). |
| C. | Winyaw (meaning unknown). |
| D. | "Hooks" and "Backhooks"(?). |
The definition of the first six of these divisions is based on extended researches among the tribes and in the literature representing the work of earlier observers, and may be regarded as satisfactory. In some cases, notably the Dakota confederacy, the constitution of the divisions is also satisfactory, though in others, including the Asiniboin, Mandan, and Winnebago, the tabulation represents little more than superficial enumeration of villages and bands, generally by observers possessing little knowledge of Indian sociology or language. So far as the survivors of the Biloxi are concerned the classification is satisfactory; but there is doubt concerning the former limits of the division, and also concerning the relations of the extinct tribes referred to on slender, yet the best available, evidence. The classification of the extinct and nearly extinct Siouan Indians of the east is much less satisfactory. In several cases languages are utterly lost, and in others a few doubtful terms alone remain. In these cases affinity is inferred in part from geographic relation, but chiefly from the recorded federation of tribes and union of remnants as the aboriginal population faded under the light of brighter intelligence; and in all such instances it has been assumed that federation and union grew out of that conformity in mode of thought which is characteristic of peoples speaking identical or closely related tongues. Accordingly, while the grouping of eastern tribes rests in part on meager testimony and is open to question at many points, it is perhaps the best that can be devised, and suffices for convenience of statement if not as a final classification. So far as practicable the names adopted for the tribes, confederacies, and other groups are those in common use, the aboriginal designations, when distinct, being added in those cases in which they are known.
The present population of the Siouan stock is probably between 40,000 and 45,000, including 2,000 or more (mainly Asiniboin) in Canada.
