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1. W. R. Scott, Constitutions and Finance of English and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 (Cambridge, 1910) vol. ii, p. 244.

2. The southern limit was that of the Providence Company (Scott, Joint-Stock Companies, vol. ii, p. 327); and the northern that of the Newfoundland Company, (D. W. Prowse, History of Newfoundland [London, 18951, pp. 122-25).

3. F. Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World (Boston, 1909), p. 303.

4. Henry II asked and obtained the Pope’s consent to conquer Ireland. W. B. Scaife, “The Development of International Law as to newly discovered Territory,” in American Historical Arsociation Papers, vol. iiv, p. 269.

5. Cf. B. A. Hinsdale, “The Right of Discovery,” in Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly, vol. ii, pp. 351-78; and Scaife, “International Law,” pp. 269-93.

6. The number of colonists living in Spanish possessions varies greatly in estimates. DeLannoy thinks that it may have been 152,000 by 1574 (DeLannoy and Van der Linden, Histoire de l’Expansion Coloniale des Peuples Européens [Paris, 1907], vol. i, p. 414); while Leroy-Beaulieu puts it as low as 15,000 in 1550. De la Colonisation chez les Peuples modernes (Paris, 1898), vol. i, p. 5.

7. A. P. Newton, The Colonising Activities of the English Puritans (Yale University Press, 1914), pp. 13-17.

8. W. Cunningham, English Industry, vol. ii, pp. 77 ff.

9. E. P. Cheyney, “Some English Conditions surrounding the Settlement of Virginia,” in American Historical Review, April, 1907, p. 526.

10. F. Aydelotte, Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds (Oxford, 1913), pp. 3-20.

11. A Discourse of the Commonweal of this realm of England, 1581; reprinted, Cambridge, England, 1893.

12. Harrison’s Introduction to Holinshed’s Chronicle, reprinted as Elizabethan England (London, n. d.), p. 118.

13. Scott, Joint-Stock Companies, vol. i, p. 98.

14. Ibid., pp. 465 ff.

15. Cf., however, Leroy-Beaulieu, who thinks that “la colonisation anglaise eut donc pour origine une nécessité réelle, une crise économique intense.” Colonisation, vol. i, p. 91.

16. A. B. Hinds, The Making of the England of Elizabeth (New York, 1895), p. 138.

17. S. R. Gardiner, History of England (London, 1895), vol. i, p. 187.

18. For discussion as to authorship and date, vide Brown, Genesis, pp. 36-42, where the document is printed in full.

19. Cf. P. Bonnassieux, Les grandes Compagnies de Commerce (Paris, 1892), pp. 510 ff.

20. W. W. Hunter, History of British India (London, 1899), vol. i, p. 244.

21. Compiled from Brown, Genesis, pp. 811-1068.

22. Cited by Scott, Joint-Stock Companies, vol. i, p. 132.

23. Hazard, Historical Collections (Philadelphia, 1792), vol. i, pp. 50-58.

24. Brown, Genesis, pp. 64-75.

25. Osgood, American Colonies, vol. i, pp. 25-35.

26. Gorges, “Briefe Narration,” Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., Series III, vol. vi, pp. 51 f. Various members of the company were associated with Gorges, but he seems to have been the leader in this venture, as Popham was in the next. An account of the voyage, written by John Stoneman, the pilot, is in Purchas, Pilgrimes, vol. XIX, pp. 284-96.

27. J. P. Baxter, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, vol. iii, pp. 129-32, 168; Cal. State Pap., Col., 1675-76, p. 53.

28. Gorges, “Briefe Narration,” p. 53. No account of this voyage has been preserved, although Purchas had one in his possession written by Hanham. Vide Purchas, Pilgrimes, vol. XIX, p. 296.

29. Always stated to have been his brother, until Brown threw doubt upon the point; Genesis, pp. 791, 968.

30. “Relation of a Voyage to Sagadahoc,” Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, vol. XVIII.

31. H. O. Thayer, The Sagadahoc Colony (Gorges Society, Portland, 1892), pp. 167-87.

32. Reproduced by Brown, Genesis, p. 190. Cf. also Ibid., pp. 183 ff.

33. Correspondence in Brown, Genesis, p. 117 and passim; also The First Republic in America (Boston, 1898), p. 91. Cf. I. A. Wright, “Spanish Policy toward Virginia,” in American Historical Review, April, 1920, pp. 448 ff. and Cal. State Pap., Col., 1675-76, pp. 45 ff.

34. Cf. note on the “Movement of the ships,” Thayer, Sagadahoc, pp. 192 ff.

35. Baxter, Sir F. Gorges, vol. iii, pp. 154 f.

36. Maine Historical Society Collections, vol. v, pp. 357-60.

37. Gorges, “Briefe Narration,” p. 55.

38. Attempts have been made to magnify the importance of the colony, and even to insist upon its continued existence. Following the publication of the uncritical Popham Memorial, Portland, 1863, 98 pamphlets and articles appeared in six years. The literature is surveyed by Thayer, Sagadahoc, pp. 87-156.

39. Gorges, “Briefs Narration,” p. 56; “Briefe Relation,” Purchas, Pilgrimes, vol. XIX, p. 271.

40. Brown, Genesis, pp. 238-40.

41. G. M. Asher, Henry Hudson the Navigator (Hakluyt Society, 1860), p. 63.

42. Purchas, Pilgrimes, vol. XIX, pp. 73, 84.

43. Leaving out of consideration the early coasting voyages, in which the Dutch had no part whatever, they had recently been preceded to within a reasonable distance of both the mouth and the source of the Hudson. The English had made a detailed discovery as far as the entrance of the Sound, while Champlain was within a few miles of the source of the river some months before the Dutch ascended it. If rights of discovery were to be limited only to the points actually visited, with no extension thence in any direction, the country would have become a veritable checker-board of warring nationalities. The Dutch themselves held no such view, and claimed all the land from Cape Cod to Delaware Bay, with indefinite limits toward the interior. Acknowledgment of any such claim would have to be based upon a theory of extension which would seem, therefore, equally to validate the claims of English and French, arising in both cases from discovery prior to the Dutch.

44. Brown, Genesis, p. 534.

45. The accounts of the latter voyage are slight. John Smith, in a page, gives us all we know, and says nothing of Plastrier. Works (ed. Arber, Glasgow, 1910), vol. ii, p. 696. Purchas had a full account, which he did not print and which is now lost. Pilgrimes, vol. XXX, p. 296.

46. Brown, First Republic, p. 176; Genesis, pp. 709-23.

47. W. D. Williamson, History of the State of Maine (Hallowell, 1832), vol. i, p. 206, states, but without giving any authority, that there had been Jesuits at Mt. Desert for five years.

48. The story of his having secretly rifled La Saussaye’s trunks of his papers, and then demanded them from him, seems hardly likely, in view of other facts. It rests on the authority of Biard (“Relation,” in Levermore, Forerunners, vol. II, p. 496). As to Biard’s character and credibility, cf. Biggar, Trading Companies, pp. 263-65.

49. Brown, Genesis, p. 534.

50. The accounts of the latter voyage are slight. John Smith, in a page, gives us all we know, and says nothing of Plastrier. Works (ed. Arber, Glasgow, 1910), vol. ii, p. 696. Purchas had a full account, which he did not print and which is now lost. Pilgrimes, vol. XXX, p. 296.

51. Biard, in Levermore, Forerunners, vol. ii, p. 506. Cf. also the English account in Purchas, Pilgrimes, vol. XIX, pp. 214-16, 271.

52. Biard and Purchas, ubi supra; also Biencourt’s complaint, in Brown, Genesis, pp. 725 ff. and Cal. State Pap., Col., 1574-1660, p.15.

53. Hunter, British India, vol. i, pp. 300-304.

54. John Smith, Works, vol. i, p. 187.

55. For various states of the map, vide J. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston (Boston, 1882), vol. i, pp. 52-56.

56. Printed for the first time by Brown, Genesis, p. 456.

57. Hunter, British India, vol. i, p. 306.

58. Cheyney, “English Conditions,” pp. 514-21. For a report on a site for a colony in Derry, which might be mistaken for an American “prospectus” of the same period, vide Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1608-1610, p. 318. The items are curiously familiar: the goodness of the air and the fruitfulness of the land”; “the red deer, foxes, conies, martins, otters”; “the great plenty of timber for shipping”; “the commodious harbor”; “the infinite store of cods, herrings,” etc.; “the sea-fowl in great abundance”; even the pearls.

59. Cal. State Pap., Col., 1558-1660, p. 15.

60. The Trades Increase, in Harleian Miscellany (ed. 1809), vol. iii, p. 299; Brown, Genesis, p. 820.

61. Smith, Works, vol. i, p. 240.

62. Ibid., vol. ii, pp. 731 ff.

63. Gorges, “Briefe Narration,” pp. 57-62.

64. Gorges, “Briefe Narration,” p.62. He does not give the name of the savage. The identity is established by Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation (Boston, 1861), pp. 96 f.

65. This I take to be the explanation of the voyages, though he may have returned to England between them. It seems certain that he was on the coast in 1620. Cf. Dormer’s letter in Purchas, Pilgrimes, vol. XIX, pp. 129 ff.; Gorges, “Briefe Narration,” pp. 61 ff.; and Bradford, Plymouth, pp. 95-98.

66. Reprinted by Brown, Genesis, pp. 338-53.

67. Hazard, Hist. Coll., vol. i, pp. 58-81.

68. Osgood, American Colonies, vol. i, pp. 56 ff.

69. Gorges, “Briefe Narration,” p. 64.

70. Ibid., pp. 64 ff.; Documents relating to the Colonial History of State of New York (Albany, 1853), vol. III, p. 4; Thomas Pownall, The Administration of the British Colonies (London, 1777), vol. i, p. 49.

71. Charter in Hazard, Hist. Coll., vol. i, pp. 103 ff.

72. Cf. Osgood, American Colonies, vol. i, pp. 98 ff.