Читать книгу Fundamentals of Heat Engines - Jamil Ghojel - Страница 4
List of Illustrations
Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Non‐uniform circular motion in Cartesian coordinates: (a) initial p...Figure 1.2 Rigid‐body rotational motion.Figure 1.3 Definitions of moment, couple, and torque.Figure 1.4 Kinetics of rotating shaft: (a) accelerating shaft; (b) deceleratin...Figure 1.5 Angular momentum of a rigid body.Figure 1.6 Fluid flow through a control volume.Figure 1.7 Schematic diagram of a thermodynamic system.Figure 1.8 Application of process equations in theoretical cycles: (a) Diesel ...Figure 1.9 Sign convention for heat and work.Figure 1.10 Steady‐state, steady‐flow control volume.Figure 1.11 Schematic diagrams of a (a) nozzle; (b) diffuser.Figure 1.12 The reciprocating internal combustion engine as a steady‐flow syst...Figure 1.13 Schematic diagram of a turbine.Figure 1.14 Schematic diagram of air compressor.Figure 1.15 Schematic arrangements of a (a) heat engine; (b) heat pump or refr...Figure 1.16 Ideal Carnot engine cycle in (a) p‐V and (b) T‐s coordinate system...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Relative air‐fuel ratio as a function of power output.Figure 2.2 Coefficient of molar change versus relative air‐fuel ratio for some...Figure 2.3 U‐T diagram of the non‐flow combustion process.Figure 2.4 Steady‐state, steady‐flow combustion process without change of stat...Figure 2.5 Schematic diagram of the steady‐flow system with chemical reactions...Figure 2.6 H‐T diagram of the steady‐state, steady‐flow combustion process.Figure 2.7 H‐T diagram of the steady‐state combustion process for different in...Figure 2.8 Adiabatic flame temperature of octane (C8H18) as a function of λ an...Figure 2.9 Constant‐volume process in a U‐T diagram.Figure 2.10 Otto cycle with inlet conditions at the reference point T0 and p0.Figure 2.11 Criteria for chemical equilibrium.Figure 2.12 Frozen composition of the combustion products of octane (C8H18).Figure 2.13 Equilibrium composition for the combustion of octane (C8H18) (six ...Figure 2.14 Equilibrium composition for the combustion of octane (C8H18) (11 s...Figure 2.15 Equilibrium composition for the combustion of octane (C8H18) in ai...Figure 2.16 Effect of dissociation on the adiabatic flame temperature of isooc...Figure 2.17 Effect of mixture pressure on the AFT of liquid octane (C8H18, λ =...Figure 2.18 Effect of initial mixture temperature on AFT of liquid octane (C8H...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 First law representation of the heat engine.Figure 3.2 The generalised cycle in (a) p − V and (b) T − s...Figure 3.3 T − s diagram of the generalised cycle (a) spec...Figure 3.4 The Otto cycle in p − V (a) and T − s...Figure 3.5 Thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle as a function of compression r...Figure 3.6 Mean effective pressure of the Otto cycle as a function of compress...Figure 3.7 Mean effective pressure of the Otto cycle as a function of ratio of...Figure 3.8 The Diesel cycle in p − V (a) and T − s...Figure 3.9 Thermal efficiency of the Diesel cycle: (a) as a function ɛ and γ a...Figure 3.10 Mean effective pressure of the Diesel cycle as a function of compr...Figure 3.11 Mean effective pressure of the Diesel cycle as a function of β, ɛ,...Figure 3.12 The dual cycle in p − V (a) and T − s...Figure 3.13 Thermal efficiency of the dual cycle and β as functions of α at gi...Figure 3.14 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle and β as functions of α ...Figure 3.15 Thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure of the dual cycle a...Figure 3.16 Carpet plot for the effect of α, β, and ɛ on the thermal efficienc...Figure 3.17 Carpet plot for the effect of α, β, and ɛ on the mean effective pr...Figure 3.18 Effect of compression ratio on cycle pressures p2and p3 (qin= ...Figure 3.19 p − V diagrams for the dual cycle at three com...Figure 3.20 Effect of the compression ratio on the temperatures of four points...Figure 3.21 Comparison of the thermal efficiency for the Otto, Diesel, and dua...Figure 3.22 Comparison of the mean effective pressures of the Otto, Diesel, an...Figure 3.23 p − V and T − s diagrams of ...Figure 3.24 p − V and T − s diagrams of ...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of a turbocharged engine with constant‐pressure t...Figure 4.2 Combined dual cycle and constant‐pressure turbine cycle in p − V...Figure 4.3 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle with constant‐pressure tu...Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of a turbocharged engine with variable‐pressure t...Figure 4.5 Combined dual cycle and variable‐pressure turbine cycle in p‐V and ...Figure 4.6 Thermal efficiency of the dual cycle with variable‐pressure turboch...Figure 4.7 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle with variable‐pressure tu...Figure 4.8 Schematic diagram of a supercharged engine: E, engine; G, gearing; ...Figure 4.9 Supercharged dual combustion cycle in p − V and T...Figure 4.10 Thermal efficiency of the dual cycle with supercharging (εcomp = 1...Figure 4.11 Mean effective pressure of the dual cycle with supercharging (εcom...Figure 4.12 Schematic diagram of a turbocharged and intercooled engine: E, eng...Figure 4.13 p − V and T − s diagrams for...Figure 4.14 p − V and T − s diagrams for...Figure 4.15 Schematic diagram of a supercharged engine with intercooling: E, e...Figure 4.16 p − V and T − s diagrams of ...Figure 4.17 Comparison of the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure o...Figure 4.18 Effect of the pressure ratio in the compressor on the performance ...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Dual fuel‐air cycle.Figure 5.2 Combustion processes in fuel‐air cycles: (a) dual‐combustion (b) co...Figure 5.3 Comparison of the air‐standard and fuel‐air dual cycles.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Indicator diagrams of a CI engine at partial load operating at 2000...Figure 6.2 Four‐stroke engine induction (a, c) and compression (b, d) processe...Figure 6.3 Four‐stroke engine combustion/expansion (a, c) and exhaust (b, d) p...Figure 6.4 Two‐stroke engine processes: compression 5 − 1 (a...Figure 6.5 Two‐stroke engine processes: exhaust only 2 − 3 (...Figure 6.6 Practical cycle model of the compression ignition engine: (a) raw p...Figure 6.7 Pressure drop during induction process in four‐stroke piston engine...Figure 6.8 Fuel injection and combustion schemes in CI engines: (a, b, c, d) d...Figure 6.9 Calculated practical cycle and measured p − V dia...Figure 6.10 Practical cycle model of the SI engine.Figure 6.11 Fuel delivery and combustion scheme in an actual SI engine.Figure 6.12 Calculated practical cycle and measured p‐V diagram for a SI engin...Figure 6.13 Practical cycle model for a low‐speed CI engine.Figure 6.14 Comparison of the air‐standard, fuel‐air, and practical dual‐combu...Figure 6.15 Wiebe cumulative heat release (a) and rate of heat release (b) for...Figure 6.16 Wiebe cumulative heat release (a) and rate of heat release (b) for...Figure 6.17 Wiebe cumulative heat release (a) and rate of heat release (b) for...Figure 6.18 Schematic diagrams of pressure development during combustion: (a) Figure 6.19 Schematic diagram of the application of the Wiebe function to comb...Figure 6.20 Piston‐crank mechanism of the reciprocating engine.Figure 6.21 Comparison of estimated heat‐transfer coefficients in reciprocatin...Figure 6.22 Heat‐release characteristics for a SI engine (16 kW @ 4000 rpm): (...Figure 6.23 Calculated and predicted indicator diagrams for a SI engine (16 kWFigure 6.24 Heat‐release characteristics for a CI engine (57.6 kW @ 2200 rpm):...Figure 6.25 Calculated and predicted indicator diagrams for a CI engine (57.6 Figure 6.26 Double Wiebe representation of the experimental heat‐release rate ...Figure 6.27 Some CFD modelling results for a direct injection compression igni...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 (a) Piston‐connecting rod‐crankshaft assembly of a six‐cylinder inl...Figure 7.2 Schematic of the piston‐crank mechanism with the definitions used i...Figure 7.3 Kinematics of the reciprocating CI engine (R = 59 mm, τ = 0.325...Figure 7.4 Dynamically equivalent mass distribution of the piston‐crank mechan...Figure 7.5 Forces acting at the piston pin and crank pin: (a) direct forces; (...Figure 7.6 Forces acting on the piston pin at A in a CI engine (D = 104 mm, pm...Figure 7.7 Forces acting on the crank pin at B in a CI engine (D = 104 mm, pma...Figure 7.8 Forces and moments acting on the crankshaft supports at O.Figure 7.9 The resultant force Fcp acting on the crank pin at B.Figure 7.10 Force N versus force Ft for a CI engine: (a) 2000 rpm; (b) 4000 rp...Figure 7.11 Schematic diagram for the determination of Fcp from the polar diag...Figure 7.12 Polar diagram for the SI engine in Table 7.1.Figure 7.13 Construction of the crank pin wear diagram.Figure 7.14 Force Fcp as a function of crank angle θ.Figure 7.15 Determination of the resultant force Fc acting on the crankshaft b...Figure 7.16 Forces acting on a crankshaft with two cranks at an angle of 120°.Figure 7.17 Inline‐type engines: (a) four‐cylinder engine with γ = 180°; (b) s...Figure 7.18 (a) V‐engines with articulated connecting rod; (b) side‐by‐side co...Figure 7.19 Eight‐cylinder V 90° engine.Figure 7.20 Cycle overlap and firing sequence of an eight‐cylinder V‐type engi...Figure 7.21 Construction of the resultant torque for a four‐stroke, four‐cylin...Figure 7.22 Effect of the number of cylinders on the torque profile and mean t...Figure 7.23 Effect of the number of cylinders on the mean torque and torque un...Figure 7.24 Fluctuations of the torque and angular velocity of a multi‐cylinde...Figure 7.25 Balancing a single‐cylinder engine: (a) centrifugal inertial force...Figure 7.26 Balancing a two‐cylinder inline engine.Figure 7.27 Inertia forces in a two‐cylinder V‐engine.Figure 7.28 Balancing forces and moments in an eight‐cylinder V‐engine: (a) fr...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Parameters of actual engine cycles: (a) SI engine; (b) CI engine.Figure 8.2 p‐V indicator diagrams of pumping losses in naturally aspirated eng...Figure 8.3 Variable‐speed characteristics: (a) SI engine; (b) CI engine. (1 – ...Figure 8.4 Variable‐power characteristics of a typical automotive SI engine.Figure 8.5 Effect of test conditions on engine brake power at different speeds...Figure 8.6 Variation of engine parameters with engine speed at full throttle.Figure 8.7 Indicated efficiency ηi and the ratio ηi/α versus th...Figure 8.8 SI engine performance characteristics: S = 95.25 mm, D = 86.36 mm, ...Figure 8.9 3‐D representation of the load characteristics of an SI engine: N =...Figure 8.10 2‐D load characteristics of the SI engine in Figure 8.9.Figure 8.11 Fuel map for an SI engine derived using Eq. (8.41).Figure 8.12 3‐D representation of the power characteristics for a CI engine: NFigure 8.13 2‐D power characteristics of a CI engine for the ranges N = 800–22...Figure 8.14 Fuel map for the generic CI engine derived from Eq. 8.42
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Simple gas turbine cycle: (a) engine schematic; (b) T‐s diagram of ...Figure 9.2 Thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle for three working fluids.Figure 9.3 Specific output work versus pressure ratio and temperature ratio T3...Figure 9.4 T‐s diagrams of the Brayton cycle with different pressure ratios.Figure 9.5 Effect of temperature ratio on the specific output work at two cons...Figure 9.6 Cycle with heat exchange: (a) engine layout; (b) cycle T‐s diagram ...Figure 9.7 Cycle with heat exchange: (a) thermal efficiency; (b) specific outp...Figure 9.8 Cycle with reheat: (a) engine layout; (b) cycle T‐s diagram (C – co...Figure 9.9 Cycle with reheat: (a) thermal efficiency; (b) specific output work...Figure 9.10 Cycle with intercooling: (a) engine layout, (b) cycle T‐s diagram ...Figure 9.11 Cycle with intercooling: (a) thermal efficiency; (b) specific outp...Figure 9.12 Cycle with heat exchange and reheat: (a) engine layout; (b) cycle ...Figure 9.13 Cycle with heat exchange and reheat: (a) thermal efficiency; (b) s...Figure 9.14 Cycle with heat exchange and intercooling: (a) engine layout, (b) ...Figure 9.15 Cycle with heat exchange and intercooling: (a) thermal efficiency;...Figure 9.16 Cycle with heat exchange, reheat, and intercooling: (a) engine lay...Figure 9.17 Cycle with heat exchange, reheat, and intercooling: (a) thermal ef...Figure 9.18 Comparison of all theoretical cycles.Figure 9.19 Comparison of all theoretical cycles (a = 5, rc = va...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Irreversible cycle of a single‐shaft gas turbine: (a) engine schem...Figure 10.2 Isentropic and irreversible compression processes in a compressor.Figure 10.3 Isentropic and irreversible expansion processes in a turbine.Figure 10.4 Infinitely small multistage compression.Figure 10.5 Variation of compressor isentropic efficiency with the compressor ...Figure 10.6 Infinitely small multistage expansion.Figure 10.7 Variation of turbine isentropic efficiency with the turbine pressu...Figure 10.8 The simple air‐standard irreversible cycle.Figure 10.9 Comparison of air‐standard cycles with and without losses (a = 5...Figure 10.10 Irreversible cycle with pressure losses and irreversibilities acc...Figure 10.11 Work components, input heat, and efficiency of the irreversible s...Figure 10.12 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange: (a) engine schematic; (b) ...Figure 10.13 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange: (a) thermal efficiency; (b...Figure 10.14 Effect of heat‐exchanger effectiveness ε on the thermal effi...Figure 10.15 Irreversible cycle with reheat and losses in the compressor, turb...Figure 10.16 Irreversible cycle with reheat: (a) thermal efficiency; (b) outpu...Figure 10.17 Irreversible cycle with intercooling: (a) engine schematic, (b) c...Figure 10.18 Irreversible cycle with intercooling: (a) thermal efficiency; (b)...Figure 10.19 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange and reheat: (a) engine sche...Figure 10.20 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange and reheat: (a) thermal eff...Figure 10.21 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange and intercooling: (a) engin...Figure 10.22 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange and intercooling: (a) therm...Figure 10.23 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange, reheat, and intercooling: ...Figure 10.24 Irreversible cycle with heat exchange, reheat, and intercooling: ...Figure 10.25 Comparison of irreversible cycles (a = 6, rc = 20).Figure 10.26 Thermal efficiency of irreversible cycles compared with the Brayt...Figure 10.27 Specific output work of irreversible cycles compared with the sim...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Basis for design‐point calculations of the single‐shaft gas turbin...Figure 11.2 Molar specific heat of air at constant pressure and ratio of speci...Figure 11.3 Combustion chamber for a stationary gas turbine: 1 – swirl vanes; ...Figure 11.4 Annular combustion chamber in a turbojet engine.Figure 11.5 Ratio of specific heats of the combustion products of kerosene (C1...Figure 11.6 Combustion system in gas turbines.Figure 11.7 3‐D graphical representation of the enthalpy of the products of co...Figure 11.8 3‐D graphical representation of Eq. (11.18) for dodecene.Figure 11.9 Combustion temperature chart: combustion temperature versus relati...Figure 11.10 Combustion temperature chart: combustion temperature versus equiv...Figure 11.11 Combustion temperature chart: combustion temperature versus fuel/...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Plots of ISA pressure, temperature, and density of air versus alti...Figure 12.2 Schematic diagram of a turbojet engine.Figure 12.3 Stagnation temperature and pressure at an altitude of 10 000 m as ...Figure 12.4 Simple turbojet engine cycle with T − s diagram.Figure 12.5 Variation of temperature T and pressure p in the simple turbojet e...Figure 12.6 Variation of specific heat cp and ratio of specific heats γ in the...Figure 12.7 Specific thrust of the turbojet engine at H = 10 000 m, compressor...Figure 12.9 Propulsive efficiency of the turbojet engine for different turbine...Figure 12.10 Performance map in terms of sfc vs. specific thrust for the turbo...Figure 12.11 Performance map in terms of ηp vs. specific thrust for the t...Figure 12.12 3‐D surface plot of the performance of the simple turbojet engine...Figure 12.13 Specific thrust of the turbojet engine vs. compressor pressure ra...Figure 12.14 Specific fuel consumption of the turbojet engine vs. compressor p...Figure 12.15 Propulsive efficiency of the turbojet engine vs. compressor press...Figure 12.16 Specific thrust and specific fuel consumption vs. flight Mach num...Figure 12.17 Specific thrust of the turbojet engine vs. compressor pressure ra...Figure 12.18 Specific fuel consumption of the turbojet engine vs. compressor p...Figure 12.19 Specific fuel consumption of the turbojet engine vs. compressor p...Figure 12.20 Propulsive efficiency of the turbojet engine vs. compressor press...Figure 12.21 Configuration of a simple unmixed‐flow turbofan engine with separ...Figure 12.22 Two‐spool (a) and three‐spool (b) unmixed‐flow turbofan engine co...Figure 12.23 T‐s diagrams of the processes in the core engine of the two‐spool...Figure 12.24 T‐s diagrams of the processes in the bypass section of two‐spool,...Figure 12.25 Temperature and pressure profiles in the turbofan engine (H = 10 ...Figure 12.26 Mean specific heats and ratios of specific heats across different...Figure 12.27 Specific thrust vs. compressor pressure ratio of the turbofan eng...Figure 12.29 Propulsive efficiency vs. compressor pressure ratio of the turbof...Figure 12.30 Specific thrust and specific fuel consumption versus the bypass r...Figure 12.31 Performance map in terms of sfc vs. specific thrust for the turbo...Figure 12.32 Performance map in terms of sfc vs. specific thrust for the high‐...Figure 12.33 3‐D surface plot of the performance of the turbofan engine (H = 1...Figure 12.34 Relative thrust and specific fuel consumption versus bypass ratio...Figure 12.35 Specific thrust and specific fuel consumption vs. fan pressure ra...Figure 12.36 Configuration of a simple mixed‐flow turbofan engine: D – diffuse...Figure 12.37 Schematic T‐s diagram for the mixed‐flow turbofan engine.Figure 12.38 T‐s diagram of the processes in the diffuser, core engine, mixer,...Figure 12.39 T‐s diagram of the processes in the diffuser, fan, and cold jet t...Figure 12.40 Effect of the fan‐root pressure ratio and overall pressure ratio ...Figure 12.41 Temperature and pressure profiles in the engine (H = 10 675 m, M1Figure 12.42 Profiles of the specific heat and ratio of specific heats (H = 10...Figure 12.43 Specific thrust and specific fuel consumption of the mixed‐flow t...Figure 12.44 Effect of the overall compression pressure ratio on the T‐s diagr...Figure 12.45 Thermal, propulsive, and overall efficiencies of the mixed‐flow t...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Single‐shaft industrial gas turbine engine: (a) engine schematic; ...Figure 13.2 T‐s diagrams of the simple cycle for λ = 4 at different pressure r...Figure 13.3 Performance characteristics of single‐shaft gas turbine versus com...Figure 13.4 Performance map for the single‐shaft gas turbine: sfc vs. specific...Figure 13.5 Performance map for the single‐shaft gas turbine: ηth vs. spe...Figure 13.6 T‐s diagrams of the simple cycle for T3 = 1490 K at different pres...Figure 13.7 Performance characteristics of a single‐shaft gas turbine vs. comp...Figure 13.8 Performance map for the single‐shaft gas turbine: specific fuel co...Figure 13.9 Performance map for the single‐shaft gas turbine: ηth vs. spe...Figure 13.10 3‐D surface plot of the specific fuel consumption as a function o...Figure 13.11 Thermal efficiencies of the irreversible air‐standard and practic...Figure 13.12 Output work of the irreversible air‐standard and practical (desig...Figure 13.13 Two‐shaft gas turbine cycle: (a) engine schematic; (b) T‐s diagra...Figure 13.14 T‐s diagrams of the two‐shaft practical gas turbine cycle for λ =...Figure 13.15 Calculated performance characteristics of the two‐shaft gas turbi...Figure 13.16 Performance map for the two‐shaft gas turbine: specific fuel cons...Figure 13.17 T‐s diagrams of the practical two‐shaft gas turbine cycle for T3 ...Figure 13.18 Calculated performance characteristics of the two‐shaft gas turbi...Figure 13.19 Performance map for the two‐shaft gas turbine: specific fuel cons...Figure 13.20 Performance map for the two‐shaft gas turbine: efficiency vs. spe...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 2‐D and 3‐D representation of rotor and stator blades and variatio...Figure 14.2 Velocity diagrams of air flow in an axial compressor stage.Figure 14.3 Combined velocity diagrams of flow in and out of rotor blades: (a)...Figure 14.4 Symmetrical velocity diagram of an axial compressor stage with 50%...Figure 14.5 Compressor performance map on a single pair of coordinates.Figure 14.6 Typical axial‐compressor characteristics.Figure 14.7 Radial‐flow compressor with a single‐sided impeller and diverging ...Figure 14.8 Radial compressor diffuser with tangential diverging passages.Figure 14.9 Schematic of radial compressor characteristics.Figure 14.10 Schematic diagrams of an axial‐flow reaction turbine stage.Figure 14.11 Velocity diagrams of an axial reaction turbine stage.Figure 14.12 Superimposed velocity diagrams of the flow through the rotor: (a)...Figure 14.13 Reaction turbine with two stages.Figure 14.14 Fluid flow passage in moving blades at exit w – blade width, p – ...Figure 14.15 Blade profiles: (a) velocity diagrams at the root and tip of a un...Figure 14.16 Velocity diagrams for the rotor in a turbine stage with 50% degre...Figure 14.17 Velocity diagram for maximum utilisation.Figure 14.18 Effect of the blade velocity ratio on utilisation factor for a gi...Figure 14.19 Effect of the blade velocity ratio on utilisation factor for vari...Figure 14.20 Variation of the measured stage efficiency for axial‐flow turbine...Figure 14.21 Generic axial turbine characteristics with choking in the stator:...Figure 14.22 Generic axial turbine characteristics with choking in the rotor.Figure 14.23 Single‐curve models for axial turbine mass flow characteristic.Figure 14.24 Turbocharged reciprocating (IC) piston engine: RT – radial turbin...Figure 14.25 Radial‐flow turbine with a single‐sided impeller (velocity diagra...Figure 14.26 Velocity diagrams of radial inflow turbines: (a) radial impeller ...Figure 14.27 T − s diagram for the radial‐flow turbine in ...Figure 14.28 Radial‐flow turbine characteristics.
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Component‐matching scheme requirements: (a) compressor characteris...Figure 15.2 Schematic diagram of a single‐shaft gas turbine.Figure 15.3 Variable‐pitch propeller load characteristics.Figure 15.4 Operating lines on the compressor characteristic of a constant‐pit...Figure 15.5 Schematic diagram of a two‐shaft gas turbine.Figure 15.6 Power‐turbine characteristics.Figure 15.7 Power‐turbine operating lines on compressor characteristics.Figure 15.8 Operating lines for a propeller, a car, and a generator superimpos...Figure 15.9 Schematic diagram of a simple turbojet engine.Figure 15.10 Compressible flow through nozzle.Figure 15.11 Nozzle characteristics for the flow of combustion products ( γ = ...Figure 15.12 Schematic diagram of the intake duct in the turbojet engine.Figure 15.13 Compressor characteristics with running lines for a turbojet engi...Figure 15.14 Turbojet engine off‐design performance characteristics for two Ma...Figure 15.15 Off‐design performance of a single‐shaft gas turbine.Figure 15.16 Matching the compressor turbine and power turbine in the two‐shaf...Figure 15.17 Off‐design power and characteristic cycle temperatures as functio...Figure 15.18 Off‐design compressor and compressor‐turbine pressure ratios as f...Figure 15.19 Predicted compressor pressure ratio (a) and compressor‐turbine en...Figure 15.20 Predicted specific fuel consumption tendency with engine output l...Figure 15.21 Matching the compressor turbine and propelling nozzle in the turb...Figure 15.22 Predicted compressor operating line with the compressor turbine c...Figure 15.23 Predicted turbine entry temperature as a function of the compress...Figure 15.24 Effect of temperature ratio T4t/T2t on the compressor pressure ra...Figure 15.25 Modified scheme for matching the compressor turbine and the nozzl...
16 Part 2Chart II.1 Piston engine types covered in Part II are highlighted.
17 Part 3Chart III.1 Gas turbine engine types covered in Part III are highlighted.
18 Appendix BFigure B.1 Forces acting on the crank mechanism in a SI engine (D = 78 mm, pma...Figure B.2 V‐engine cylinder and crank‐throw numbering method used in Tables B...
19 Appendix CFigure C.1 Dual‐combustion cycle with rounding‐off.Figure C.2 Estimated speed characteristics of a direct injection CI engine.
