Читать книгу Feline Dentistry - Jan Bellows - Страница 14

Alveolar jugum (plural, juga): The palpable convexity of the buccal alveolar bone overlying a large tooth root.

Alveolar margin: Often incorrectly referred to as alveolar crest.

Alveolus (A): Socket in the jaw for a tooth root or reserve crown (plural: alveoli).

Ameloblasts: Epithelial cells involved in the formation of enamel (amelogenesis).

Anatomical crown (CR/AC): That part of a tooth that is coronal to the cementoenamel junction (or anatomical root).

Anatomical root (RO/AR): That part of a tooth that is apical to the cementoenamel junction (or anatomical crown).

Angular process: Caudoventral process (in carnivora).

Apex (AP): End of the root or reserve crown (plural: apices).

Apical delta: Multiple apical foramina forming a branching pattern at the apex of a mature tooth reminiscent of a river delta when sectioned and viewed through a microscope and occurring in some brachyodont teeth.

Apical foramen: Opening at the apex of a tooth, through which neurovascular structures pass to and from the dental pulp.

Articular disk: A flat structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue and positioned between the articular surfaces of the condylar process of the mandible and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, separating the joint capsule into dorsal and ventral compartments; often incorrectly referred to as menisci.

Body of the mandible: The part that houses the teeth; often incorrectly referred to as horizontal ramus.

Canine (C): Canine tooth.

Cementoenamel junction: Area of a tooth where cementum and enamel meet.

Clinical crown (CR/CC): That part of a tooth that is coronal to the gingival margin; also called erupted crown in equines.

Clinical root (RO/CR): That part of a brachyodont tooth that is apical to the gingival margin.

Condylar process: Consists of mandibular head and mandibular neck; often incorrectly referred to as condyloid process.

Coronoid process: Process for the attachment of the temporal muscle.

Crown (C): Coronal portion of a tooth.

Deciduous: Deciduous and permanent are the anatomically correct terms to denote the two generations of teeth in diphyodont species.

Deciduous dentition period: That period during which only deciduous teeth are present.

Deciduous tooth (DT): Primary tooth which is replaced by a permanent (secondary) tooth.

Dental arch: Referring to the curving structure formed by the teeth in their normal position; upper dental arch formed by the maxillary teeth, lower dental arch formed by the mandibular teeth.

Enamel (E): Mineralized tissue covering the crowns of brachyodont teeth.

Facial vascular notch: Shallow indentation on the ventral aspect of the mandible, rostral to the angular process (absent in carnivores).

Incisive bones: The paired bones that house the maxillary incisors, located rostral to the maxillary bones, are the incisive bones, not the premaxilla.

Incisive part: The part that houses the incisors.

Incisors: Incisors will be referred to as (right or left) (maxillary or mandibular) first, second, or third incisors numbered from the midline.

Interarch: Referring to between the upper and lower dental arches.

Intermandibular joint (mandibular symphysis): Median connection of the bodies of the right and left mandibles (in adult Sus and Equus replaced by a synostosis), consisting of intermandibular synchondrosis and intermandibular suture.

Intermandibular suture: The larger part of the intermandibular joint formed by connective tissue.

Intermandibular synchondrosis: The smaller part of the intermandibular joint formed by cartilage.

Interquadrant: Referring to between the left and right upper or lower jaw quadrants.

Jaw quadrant: Referring to the left or right upper or lower jaw.

Lingual/Palatal: Lingual: The surface of a mandibular or maxillary tooth facing the tongue is the lingual surface. Palatal can also be used when referring to the lingual surface of maxillary teeth.

Mandible/mandibular (M/N): Referring to the lower jaw; all animals have two mandibles, not one; removing one entire mandible is a total mandibulectomy not a hemimandibulectomy.

Mandibular angle: Angle between the body and ramus of the mandible.

Mandibular canal: Contains a neurovascular bundle; often incorrectly referred to as the medullary cavity of the mandible.

Mandibular foramen: The entrance to the mandibular canal.

Mandibular fossa: Concave depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular head.

Mandibular head: Articular head of the condylar process.

Mandibular neck: Neck of the condylar process.

Mandibular notch: The notch on the caudal aspect, between the coronoid and condylar processes; not to be confused with the facial vascular notch.

Mandibular symphysis (SYM): Joint between the left and right mandibles (intermandibular joint).

Maxilla/maxillary (MX): Referring to the upper jaw; all mammals have two maxillas (or maxillae) and two mandibles. The adjective “maxillary” is often used in a wider sense, e.g. “maxillary fractures,” to include other facial bones, in addition to the maxillary bone itself.

Mental foramen (plural, foramina): Rostral, middle, and caudal mental foramina in the dog and cat.

Mesial/Distal: Mesial and distal are terms applicable to tooth surfaces. The mesial surface of the first incisor is next to the median plane; on other teeth it is directed toward the first incisor. The distal surface is opposite from the mesial surface.

Mixed dentition period: That period during which both deciduous and permanent teeth are present.

Molars (M): Molar tooth.

Molar part: The part that carries the premolars and molars; premolar‐molar part would probably have been more accurate.

Permanent dentition period: That period during which only permanent teeth are present.

Premolars (P): In the cat, the tooth immediately distal to the maxillary canine is the second premolar, the tooth immediately distal to the mandibular canine is the third premolar.

Pulp cavity: Space within the tooth.

Pulp chamber: Space within the crown of a tooth.

Ramus of the mandible: The part that carries the three processes; often incorrectly referred to as the vertical ramus.

Retroarticular process: A projection of the temporal bone that protrudes ventrally from the caudal end of the zygomatic arch and carries part of the mandibular fossa.

Root (RO): Radicular portion of a tooth.

Root canal: Space within the root of a tooth.

Rostral/Caudal: Rostral and caudal are the positional and directional anatomical terms applicable to the head in a sagittal plane in non‐human vertebrates. Rostral refers to a structure closer to, or a direction toward the most forward structure of the head. Caudal refers to a structure closer to, or a direction toward the tail. Anterior and posterior are terms used for mesial and distal in human dentistry.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ): The area where the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

Tooth (T): Hard structure embedded in the jaw; used for biting and chewing.

Tooth numbering: The existence of the conventional anatomical naming of teeth as well as the various tooth numbering systems is recognized. In cats and dogs, the correct anatomical names of teeth are (right or left), (maxillary or mandibular), (first, second, third or fourth), (incisor, canine, premolar, molar), as applicable, written out in full or abbreviated. The modified Triadan system is presently considered to be the tooth numbering system of choice in veterinary dentistry; gaps are left in the numbering sequence where there are missing teeth (for example, the first premolar encountered in the feline left maxilla is numbered 206, not 205; the two lower right premolars are 407 and 408, not 405 and 406). The use of both anatomical naming and the modified Triadan system are acceptable for recording and storing veterinary dental information. The use of anatomical names in publications is required by many leading journals and is recommended. It offers an advantage in that veterinary dental publications are more understood by other health professionals and scientists with an interest in veterinary dentistry.

Ventral margin: Free ventral border.

Vestibular/Buccal/Labial: Vestibular is the correct term referring to the surface of the tooth facing the vestibule or lips; buccal and labial are acceptable alternatives. Labial refers to the facial surface of the incisors and canines. Buccal refers to the facial surface of the premolars and molars.

Zygomatic arch (ZYG): Consisting of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone; also called zygoma.

An understanding and appreciation of feline dental pathology, treatment, and prevention requires detailed knowledge of the structure and function of oral tissues including the teeth, supporting periodontal tissues, bones, tongue, lymph nodes, salivary glands, blood supply, muscles, and nerves.