Читать книгу Nano-Technological Intervention in Agricultural Productivity - Javid A. Parray - Страница 47

Nanocomposites vowed to do so because of their multifunction, which means that distinctive properties with conventional materials can be combined [36]. Depending on the nanophase and matrix nature, a wide variety of nanocomposites can be developed [37]. Through two separate viewpoints, the concept of using polymer metal nanocomposites is beneficial. First, by preventing the autocomposition of polymer‐stabilized metal nanoparticles, nanoparticles' production can be considered one of the most encouraging resolutions to stability. Furthermore, the use of immobilized NPs limits their environmental changes [38, 39]. The features of the metal nanoparticles do not primarily determine the characteristics of nanocomposites. For example, the formulation of metal nanoparticles in polymer matrices can significantly change the polymer morphology because of the existence of nanoporosity, which promotes mass transfer within the nanocomposites and specific additional structural parameters that are of high significance in their practical applications [40]. A significant number of water purification and efficiency problems are solved by nanotechnology [41]. The application of metal nanoparticles in the field of reductive dechlorination of organic halogenated compounds in groundwater has been meticulously observed [42]. As pure monometallic entities or in combination with platinum, iron nanoparticles are one of the most substantial components. The long‐term stability of these nanoparticles can, however, be enhanced by immobilization in stable support. The ion sharing is widely used in various water treatment ion‐sharing processes to prevent undesired or harmful ionic impurities such as hardness ions, iron, and heavy metals. The modification of such bactericidal metal nanoparticles allows for eliminating microbiological contaminants by a combination of traditional water treatment with disinfection. One person may perform the two extra water treatment measures with one person.

Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) tend to be of little toxicity to terrestrial species and are used as nanocomposites on a sunscreen where TiO₂ has been coated with magnesium, silica, or alumina and also with amphiphilic organic substances such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which ageing alters [43].

Another critical technical problem, known as biofouling, can also be solved using silver nanoparticles containing nanocomposites. Biofouling or biological fouling [37] is the unintended accumulation of microbes on the surface of water treatment systems and materials, such as reverse osmosis membranes, cooling water cycles, and ion exchange resins. The surface shift technique was based on commercially available ion exchange materials with a silver shell [42] and a magnetic core [43]. These products are the eco‐friendly bactericide nanocomposites suited for traditional water treatment and reagent‐free disinfection. These materials have the main advantages as follows: (i) They are trapped firmly into the polymer matrix, which prohibits the escape into the medium being processed. (ii) Applying a material's surface metallic nanoparticles ensures interaction with the bacteria to avoid fast water disinfection. (iii) Metal nanoparticles are superparamagnetically shielded in nature because a simple magnet trap prevents any post‐contamination of treated water with metal nanoparticles leached by the polymer matrix. (iv) Like the ion exchange capacity [44], the surface location of metal nanoparticles does not essentially affect the core characteristics of ion exchange materials.