Читать книгу Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Reptile and Amphibian - Javier G. Nevarez - Страница 55

Liver anatomy varies among amphibian species. Anurans have a more traditional bilobed liver while in Caudates and Caecilians it is elongated and marginated. The gall bladder is usually well developed and intimately associated with the liver. A bile duct connects to the duodenum or pancreatic duct in some species. The liver is a significant erythropoietic center and also contributes to leukocyte production during metamorphosis. A large amount of pigmented melanomacrophages and non‐pigmented Kupffer cells can be found and contribute to immune function. The amount of these cells present at any given time is influenced by seasonality. They also increase in numbers with age and antigenic stimulation. Melanomacrophages are commonly identified in aspirates of animals with coelomitis.