Читать книгу The Invisible Woman - Joanne Belknap - Страница 57

Schwartz and Steffensmeier (2017) stress that the empirical applications of LCT must improve addressing intersectionality, agency, and “the gendered mechanisms of selection into crime networks” over ages and lifetimes in offending trajectories and patterns (p. 145). Elaine Gunnison’s (2015) LCT study, using data from the U.S. National Youth Survey, provides a unique latent class analysis to put youth followed over time into four trajectory classifications: de-escalators, persistent de-escalators, persisters, and chronic fluctuators (see Table 3.3). Although the data do not include trauma or abuse variables, they provide a unique way of examining categories of offenders by gender while looking for patterns of peer attachment, delinquent peers, race, alcohol and drug use, and marital status. The only female-dominated group of the four is the de-escalators, who are the least susceptible to peer pressure, have the lowest number of delinquent peers, are more likely to be married, have the lowest drug and alcohol use, and are more likely to be of Color (less likely to be white).