Читать книгу The Invisible Woman - Joanne Belknap - Страница 62

The Marxist or “new criminologists” of the early 1970s were just as guilty of omitting women and girls from their theories and analyses as the traditional theorists, despite the powerful potential of gender and sexual stratification in society to explain criminal behavior and official/systemic processing. Although critical legal studies (CritLS) emerged to explain how the laws were inherently oppressive to the poor and disenfranchized, it was dominated by white elite men and criticized by women and people of Color in leftist academia who became frustrated with its well-meaning but limited views. Subsequently, critical race theory (CRT) and then critical race feminist theory (CRFT) emerged and have been far more useful in applications to criminology research than have the Marxist and CCT theories’ applications, overall. The overlaps between the cycle of violence theory (CVT), life course theory (LCT), and pathways theory (PT) are summarized in Table 3.2, and it is not surprising that research increasingly combines two or all three of these theories in the same study, and sometimes with general strain theory (GST), social learning theory (SLT), and/or CRFT.

Masculinity theory (MT) also holds the potential to provide a better understanding of criminal behavior and the intersections of gender with race, class, sexuality, and so on. Many queer and/or of Color ethnographic criminologists have been highly effective in applying MT and E. Anderson’s (1999) “code of the street” approach to their work (E. Anderson, 1999; N. Jones, 2010, 2018; Panfil, 2017; Rios, 2011). It is clear that criminology needs to more consistently include adverse life events, including child maltreatment, to not only understand and theorize about offending but also to understand the structural and systemic impacts of sexism, racism, classism, and institutions such as schools, the police, the courts, and prisons/jails in understanding and more effectively responding to crime (Javdani, Sadeh, & Verona, 2011; McKeown, 2010). The final chapter (Chapter 14) will describe some of the exciting combinations of theories in more current research.