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With accurate phenotypic identification, screening with genetic markers is now available to make the precise identification of several neural and muscular diseases in large animals possible (see text box). These include hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in horses, citrullinemia and complex vertebral malformation in cattle, and scrapie susceptibility in sheep and goats. New genetic markers are certainly becoming available all the time. Testing for many of the genetic markers for neuromuscular disorders in large animals is offered by Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA ; although there are numerous commercial laboratories offering such tests. A selection is presented in the adjacent text box.

Figure 3.1 In the appropriate clinical setting, red to brown discoloration to urine normally indicates the presence of globin pigments that is positive for same on a dip stick assay and is an excellent ancillary aid to diagnosis. Myoglobinuria is seen in these urine samples from a horse recovering from acute rhabdomyolysis. The acute sample taken is on the left through to the sample taken after recovery on the right. Although myoglobin is usually brown and hemoglobinuria is usually red, as seen here there can be poor distinction based on color alone.